腹壁脂膜切除术后并发症的分类及防治进展
2024-08-18王禹栋王一希赵焓杏岑瑛李正勇张振宇
[摘要]腹壁脂膜切除术是帮助肥胖人群去除腹壁多余皮肤和脂膜的功能性手术,该术式改善腹壁外形的效果显著,让肥胖患者受益匪浅,因此手术需求日趋增多。然而,在肥胖患者中实施腹壁脂膜切除术后,局部和全身并发症发生率较高,严重影响患者的生命安全和手术效果,需要引起高度重视。本文结合国内外最新文献报道,对腹壁脂膜切除术后常见并发症类型、预防和治疗措施进行了总结分析,希望能为今后的临床工作提供借鉴和参考。
[关键词]脂膜切除术;肥胖;并发症;腹壁成形术;预防
[中图分类号]R622 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2024)08-0194-05
Classification of Postoperative Complications after Panniculectomy and Progress in Prevention and Treatment
WANG Yudong, WANG Yixi, ZHAO Hanxing, CEN Ying, LI Zhengyong, ZHANG Zhenyu
( Department of Plastic /Burn Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China )
Abstract: The panniculectomy is a functional procedure to help remove excess skin and lipid from the abdominal wall in obese subjects, and it is increasingly sought after by obese subjects because of its effectiveness in improving the appearance of the abdominal wall. However, the incidence of local and systemic complications in obese subjects after surgery remains high, which seriously affects patients' life and surgical outcomes, and therefore requires high attention in the perioperative period. In this paper, the types of its common complications, prevention and treatment measures after panniculectomy are summarized and analyzed, so as to provide reference for future clinical work.
Key words: panniculectomy; obesity; complication; abdominoplasty; prevention
减重手术被视为快速、有效降低体重的方法,可帮助肥胖人群在短时间内减掉大量体重[1]。然而体重急剧下降后会不可避免地会导致腹壁、上臂、大腿等出现脂膜堆积[2],此现象在身体质量指数(Body mass index, BMI)较高的患者中尤为突出,而且还难以通过运动或限制饮食等方式消除[3]。坠积在腹壁的脂膜不但限制患者活动,还可引起皮肤瘙痒、皮疹、溃疡和感染等问题,严重危害患者身心健康[4]。腹壁脂膜切除术是针对肥胖人群的腹壁轮廓整复手术,通过去除大量多余的皮肤和脂膜来改变腹壁的外形[5]。既往接受减重手术的患者中,超过2/3的人需行腹壁脂膜切除术切除多余皮肤和脂膜,以提高其生活质量和重塑身形[6-7]。
尽管腹壁脂膜切除术让肥胖患者受益匪浅,但其围术期管理应充分重视。患者肥胖不仅存在全身性营养状况不佳,且常合并糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症等慢性疾病,导致其围术期局部和全身并发症的发生率增加,引起的后果也比正常人更严重[8-10]。本文总结分析了近年来腹壁脂膜切除术后并发症的主要类型,以及当前针对性的预防和处理措施。
1 腹壁脂膜切除术与腹壁成形术的差异
腹壁脂膜切除术与腹壁成形术主要存在以下差异:①面向人群,接受腹壁脂膜切除术的患者为肥胖人群,BMI大于30 kg/m2,患者通常合并基础疾病和不良生活习惯,全身状况差,部分患者既往还接受过减重手术,而接受腹壁成形术的患者一般身体状况相对良好[11-12];②手术主要目的,腹壁脂膜切除术是为了提高肥胖人群的生活质量,而腹壁成形术则主要是为了重塑身形;③手术程序,腹壁脂膜切除术只切除多余的皮肤和脂膜,而腹壁成形术除了切除多余的组织,还可能涉及肌肉和筋膜的折叠或加固[13];④并发症发生率,目前报道的腹壁脂膜切除术的并发症发生率为8.65%~56.00%[14-15],而腹壁整形术的并发症发生率在4%左右[16]。
2 腹壁脂膜切除术常见并发症的分类及防治
2.1 局部并发症
2.1.1 血清肿:血清肿是脂膜切除术后最常见的并发症,发生率可高达37.3%[17]。血清肿被广泛认为和淋巴管、血管破坏、组织间存在剪切力有关,同时还可能有炎性渗出参与[18]。小的血清肿通常具有自限性,大于75 ml的血清肿有造成局部疼痛、感染,甚至切口裂开和皮瓣坏死的风险[18]。
预防血清肿的形成主要有以下措施:①减少术区腔隙,手术过程中应该避免盲目地大范围剥离组织、减少组织腔隙,Baroudi R等[19]研究表明,将Scarpa筋膜与腹直肌和腹外斜肌之间的腔隙予以缝合,可以减少血清肿的发生;②保留Scarpa筋膜,由于Scarpa筋膜内包含丰富的淋巴管和血管,多项研究证实保留Scarpa筋膜可以有效减少术后引流量,可以避免预期86%的血清肿发生[20];③安置血浆引流管被认为是预防血清肿形成的标准措施,血浆引流管能及时地将体液引流到体外而避免积聚,但引流管可能会导致患者术后疼痛及不适感增加,同时还有造成逆行感染的风险,使用渐进性张力缝合技术可降低血清肿的形成概率,可避免使用血浆引流管[21-22];④术后尽量卧床48 h避免活动,同时术后长期穿着弹力塑身衣也是预防血清肿形成的有效措施[23];⑤使用组织粘合剂虽然不能预防血清肿形成,但能有效阻止血清肿的体积进一步扩大[24]。
虽然血清肿仍是最常见的并发症,但随着各种预防措施的使用,其发病率呈现逐渐下降的趋势。对于已经形成的血清肿,应根据其大小和位置制定治疗方案。对于较大的血清肿,反复抽吸是有效的治疗手段,但在进行操作时,应严格遵守无菌操作原则,避免引起感染。未经治疗的慢性血清肿有进一步形成假性囊肿的风险[25]。当血清肿伴发感染或假性囊肿形成时,则需考虑进行清创术和开放性引流术。
2.1.2 切口感染:切口感染也是很常见的术后并发症。感染部位常会出现红肿、压痛、皮温升高等症状。导致切口感染的因素主要是未严格遵守无菌操作,或者是患者本身所增加的诱发因素。肥胖是增加术后并发症的公认危险因素[8]。Kantar RS等[26]已证实肥胖患者腹壁脂膜切除术后发生感染的风险更高。此外,越来越多的肥胖人群将腹壁脂膜切除术作为减重手术后的序贯手术,有研究证实接受减重手术后再行腹壁脂膜切除术的患者比直接行腹壁脂膜切除术的患者出现感染的概率更高[27]。
积极消除诱因和严格遵守无菌操作是预防腹壁脂膜切除术后出现切口感染的重要手段。目前就患者在身体塑形术前是否使用抗生素尚未达成共识[20]。如果术后出现切口感染,则应积极予以换药,同时评估使用有效抗生素。当感染进一步加重形成局部脓肿时,则需要进行切开引流术,并收集脓液进行细菌培养和药敏试验,根据药敏试验结果针对性使用抗生素。如果切口局部的感染未得到有效控制,则可进一步导致全身感染,危及生命。
2.1.3 切口裂开:切口裂开可能发生在切口未愈合前的任何时期。切口愈合受切口局部营养条件和患者术后活动的影响。维生素、矿物质、蛋白等有利于切口愈合的营养物质在肥胖人群中普遍缺乏[28]。减重手术虽然可以显著降低患者的BMI,但同时也会加重肥胖患者的营养不良,提高切口愈合不良的发生率[29]。另外,糖尿病是导致切口裂开的危险因素之一,糖尿病对切口愈合的负面影响可能涉及到细胞增殖、炎症和血管生成等多个方面[30]。烟草中所含尼古丁会抑制细胞增殖、减少局部血流量,增加切口开裂的风险[31]。虽然血糖和尼古丁对人体的影响是一个持久的慢性过程,但至少在围术期应将他们对切口愈合的影响降到最小。一般推荐术前4周开始戒烟,但考虑到一些患者依从性较差,建议患者在手术前后至少各戒烟1周是非常有必要的[32]。同时,在围术期将患者的血糖控制在6.1~10 mmol/L有利于切口愈合[33]。为了避免切口裂开,除了加强营养,还应避免活动造成的切口崩裂。穿着弹力塑身衣或佩戴腹带能在一定程度上限制患者活动,还能有效避免因腹内压骤然改变导致的切口开裂。术后还应指导患者保持半卧位腰部屈曲,并维持1周,再逐渐缓慢过渡至正常体位,注意应避免剧烈活动或大幅度的活动。
2.1.4 腹壁皮肤组织坏死:血液灌注不足是导致术后腹壁皮肤组织坏死的最主要原因[34]。早期常出现皮肤青紫、皮温低等症状,如果未能及时发现或纠正,则进一步出现糜烂、溃疡等症状,最终引起皮肤坏死。烟草中所含尼古丁同样也是皮肤组织坏死的危险因素[35]。为预防因血液灌注不足造成的腹壁皮肤组织坏死,在手术过程中应尽可能多地保留皮瓣的穿支血管[36]。另外,高压氧可通过提高氧分压增加局部组织氧气供应,还可以刺激新生血管形成、胶原生成、成纤维细胞增殖,因此被作为减轻皮肤坏死程度、促进皮肤愈合的有效辅助手段[37]。对于腹壁皮肤组织坏死严重且坏死面积大的患者,则需要考虑清创后予以植皮等治疗。
2.1.5 出血和血肿:术后出血多由凝血功能障碍或血压过高导致的创面渗血、术中止血不彻底引起,通常在术后24 h内出现,BMI高的患者发生血肿的概率更高。血肿的大小往往决定了其严重程度,小血肿往往没有任何表现,通常也难以发现;大血肿可能表现出局部的瘀斑、肿胀和疼痛,严重时甚至出现休克症状[38]。可以根据患者的生命体征和引流管内的引流液颜色、引流量来协助判断是否存在出血以及出血的严重程度,必要时还要复查血红蛋白浓度。未控制的或控制不佳的高血压和凝血功能异常可在术前询问病史和术前检查发现并加以控制。Souto L R等[39]观察到既往接受过减重手术的患者在行腹壁脂膜切除术时出血的风险更大。Rudolph M等[40]研究表明发生血肿患者的术后平均SBP峰值为160 mmHg,未发生血肿的患者术后平均SBP峰值为141 mmHg,血压每升高10 mmHg,血肿风险增加2.8倍。值得强调的是,在术前应停用阿司匹林、非甾体抗炎药、植物疗法和维生素E等药物。在缝合切口前应仔细检查并彻底止血。如果术后发现小血肿可以尝试穿刺抽吸以加速恢复。对于大血肿,如果出血仍持续存在或者加重,则应立即评估是否行急诊手术探查止血。
2.1.6 腹壁不平整:腹壁脂膜切除术后下腹壁皮肤残留和皮下脂肪去除不全是造成腹壁不平整的主要原因。由于术后包扎切口的敷料和弹力衣等都会限制对患者腹壁的观察,同时术区的肿胀也影响对腹壁外形具体情况的判断,因此腹壁不平整多在远期随访中被发现。虽然腹壁脂膜切除术的侧重点在于切除患者腹壁多余的皮肤和脂膜、提高患者的生活质量,但在患者恢复正常生活后,腹壁外形的美观也影响着患者的身心健康[41-42]。针对皮肤残留和脂肪去除不全造成的腹壁不平整,可在术后6~12个月患者腹壁外形稳定后通过二次手术切除多余的皮肤,并结合吸脂术抽吸多余的脂肪组织[43]。
2.2 全身并发症及防治
2.2.1 泌尿道感染:泌尿道感染是腹壁脂膜切除术后的常见全身并发症,发生率高达8%[44]。当患者在术后出现发热、尿路刺激征、排尿困难等症状时则应考虑泌尿道感染的可能,行尿常规、尿培养等辅助检查明确诊断[45]。术后泌尿道感染可能和病原体沿着导尿管逆行进入有关,还可能和会阴区消毒不充分、手术时间长、住院时间长和BMI过高等相关。泌尿道感染重在预防,导尿的留置时间和发生泌尿道感染的风险呈正相关,应该在患者病情允许的情况下尽早地拔除导尿管[46]。一般手术后出现的尿路感染属于院内感染,大肠杆菌是主要的致病菌[47]。对于出现尿路感染的患者,建议拔除导尿管或更换新的导尿管,同时使用对大肠杆菌这类革兰氏阴性菌敏感的头孢菌素类抗生素进行治疗[48-49]。
2.2.2 深静脉血栓形成:静脉血栓的形成机制基于Virchow三联征,即血管内皮损伤、血液高凝状态和血液瘀滞[50]。造成静脉血栓的原因有很多,包括全身麻醉状态下的长时间手术、大面积的组织分离和术后活动时间减少等。目前还有研究表明腹壁塑形术会激活凝血级联反应,增加静脉血栓形成的风险[51]。腹壁脂膜切除术后发生静脉血栓的风险远高于其他整形外科手术,因此术后预防血栓形成至关重要[8]。预防措施包括:①使用普通肝素或低分子肝素等抗凝药物,有效降低凝血酶的活性,降低血栓形成的风险,并且不会增加术后出血的风险[52];②在麻醉诱导前就开始使用序贯加压装置,并在术后持续使用,直到患者出院;③鼓励患者尽早下床活动可以减少血栓形成的风险,但过早的活动可能会造成血清肿的形成,因此有研究建议对于血栓栓塞评估为低或中风险的患者,建议术后予以物理和药物抗栓的情况下制动48 h[23]。如果患者术后出现呼吸困难、紫绀等症状,则应该考虑是否存在静脉血栓脱落导致的肺栓塞,并积极抢救生命。
2.2.3 肺炎:脂膜切除术后肺炎是影响患者手术后康复和预后的重要原因之一。引起术后肺炎的原因包括:①吸烟,是造成术后肺炎的独立危险因素,会影响呼吸道黏膜的纤毛结构,不仅降低黏膜对黏液的清除能力,还促进分泌更多的黏液,增加肺部感染的风险[53];②卧床,长时间的手术和术后没能尽早进行康复锻炼都会增加患者的卧床时间,此时身体内的体液因为重力作用坠积在双肺背部,造成坠积性肺炎;③术前合并肥胖、糖尿病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等基础疾病。术前戒烟是预防术后出现肺炎的有效措施,戒烟时间越长,术后发生肺炎的风险越低[54]。围术期进行呼吸功能训练也是良好的预防措施,同时还可以辅助使用雾化吸入等手段,鼓励患者排痰。当术后出现肺炎时,应完善痰涂片、痰培养及药物敏感性试验等检查,并予以敏感抗生素抗感染治疗。
2.2.4 急性肾损伤:急性肾损伤是各类手术围术期的常见并发症,其发生原因复杂且多样,可能和肥胖、糖尿病、肾毒性药物、有效血容量减少、腹内压升高等有关[55]。急性肾损伤临床上主要表现为血肌酐浓度突然升高或少尿,目前仍缺乏有效的预防手段[56-57]。进行腹壁脂膜切除术的患者由于合并肥胖,而且全身一般状况不佳,出现急性肾损伤后造成的后果也更严重,易向急性肾衰竭发展,因此应予以重视。在术后应常规检测患者24 h尿量,定期复查血肌酐浓度,尽早识别急性肾损伤。对于出现急性肾损伤的患者,维持血流动力学稳定和保证足够的肾脏灌注是治疗的关键,同时还应积极监测患者的血肌酐和电解质浓度,必要时予以血液透析治疗。
2.2.5 其他:腹壁脂膜切除术后的患者还容易出现计划外再插管、心肌梗死、心脏骤停、脓毒症等并发症[12]。上述并发症不但出现迅速,而且还对患者的生命造成严重威胁,在拟定手术计划时就应提前制定应对措施、围术期加强各项生命监测。一旦发现危及生命的情况则立即予以抢救。
3 小结
腹壁脂膜切除术主要是针对严重肥胖人群的功能性手术,虽然肥胖人群出现各类术后并发症的概率更高、症状也更严重,但腹壁脂膜切除术能提升患者的生活质量和自信,给患者带去诸多获益。因此,面对激增的患者数量,整形外科医师应该在术前清楚地认识到术后可能发生的各种并发症,并积极地采取预防措施,保障患者的生命安全。
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[收稿日期]2022-12-29
本文引用格式:王禹栋,王一希,赵焓杏,等.腹壁脂膜切除术后并发症的分类及防治进展[J].中国美容医学,2024,33(8):194-198.