mNUTRIC与NRS?2002评分对重症病人预后的评估价值比较
2024-07-10王伶俐陈天喜冒飒娴丁嘉敏吴敏陈烨
王伶俐 陈天喜 冒飒娴 丁嘉敏 吴敏 陈烨
基金项目 南通市卫生健康委员会(指令性)青年项目,编号:QN2022008;南通大学附属医院护理科研项目,编号: Tfh2115
作者简介 王伶俐,主管护师,硕士
通讯作者 陈天喜,E?mail:19825283393@163.com
引用信息 王伶俐,陈天喜,冒飒娴,等.mNUTRIC与NRS?2002评分对重症病人预后的评估价值比较[J].护理研究,2024,38(13):2265?2269.
Comparison of application value of mNUTRIC and NRS?2002 in prognosis evaluation of critically ill patients
WANG Lingli, CHEN Tianxi, MAO Saxian, DING Jiamin, WU Min, CHEN Ye
Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu 226000 China
Corresponding Author CHEN Tianxi, E?mail: 19825283393@163.com
Abstract Objective:To evaluate the nutritional risk of patients in emergency intensive care unit (EICU) using mNUTRIC score and NRS-2002, and to compare the value of the two tools in assessing 28-day mortality Methods: Patients admitted to the EICU from February to May 2023 were selected. Data were collected from electronic medical records, and nutritional assessment was performed using NRS?2002 and mNUTRIC score within 24 hours of admission. Cox regression analysis was used to explore the effect of nutritional risk on 28-day mortality. ROC curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of NRS?2002, mNUTRIC, APACHE Ⅱ and SOFA for 28?day mortality.Results:A total of 152 patients were enrolled in this study. According to mNUTRIC score, 102 patients (67.1%) were at high nutritional risk(>5 points). NRS?2002 score screened 67 patients(44.1%) with high nutritional risk (≥5 points).The results showed that the results of the two scoring systems were inconsistent.Cox regression analysis showed that mNUTRIC (OR=1.782) and SOFA (OR=1.186) were risk factors for the death of critically ill patients in EICU.The AUC of mNUTRIC score for predicting 28?day mortality was 0.82[95%CI(0.73,0.90)],and the best critical value was 6.The predictive value of mNUTRIC score was better than NRS?2002, APACHE Ⅱ and SOFA.Conclusions:mNUTRIC score can be used as an effective tool for nutritional risk assessment in critically ill EICU patients and is associated with 28?day mortality. However, the characteristics of patients in the acute stage and recovery stage should be considered to dynamically assess nutritional risk.
Keywords emergency intensive care unit, EICU; mNUTRIC; NRS?2002; nutritional risk; mortality; the influencing factors; predictive value
摘要 目的:采用改良危重症营养风险(mNUTRIC)评分和营养风险筛查(NRS?2002)评分评估急诊重症监护病房(EICU)病人的营养风险,并比较两种工具对EICU病人28 d死亡率的评估价值。方法:选取2023年2月—5月EICU由急诊入院的病人,从电子医疗记录文件中收集资料,并于病人入住EICU 24 h内采用NRS?2002和mNUTRIC评分进行营养评估。采用Cox回归分析探讨营养风险对病人28 d死亡率的影响;绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价NRS?2002评分、mNUTRIC评分、急性生理与慢性健康状态评分系统Ⅱ(APACHE) Ⅱ评分和序贯器官衰竭(SOFA)评分对28 d死亡率的预测价值。结果:纳入152例病人,mNUTRIC 评分筛查出高营养风险(>5分)病人102例,占67.1%;NRS?2002评分筛查出高营养风险(≥5分)病人67例,占44.1%;两种评分筛查结果存在不一致性(κ=-0.230)。Cox回归分析显示,mNUTRIC评分(HR=1.782)和SOFA评分(HR=1.186)是EICU危重症病人28 d死亡的危险因素。mNUTRIC评分预测病人28 d死亡率的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积为0.82[95%CI(0.73,0.90],最佳临界值为6分,预测价值优于NRS?2002评分、APACHE Ⅱ评分和SOFA评分。结论:mNUTRIC评分可作为EICU重症病人营养风险评估的有效工具,且与病人28 d死亡率相关,但应考虑病人急性阶段和恢复阶段的特征,动态评估营养风险。
关键词 急诊重症监护室;mNUTRIC评分;NRS?2002评分;营养风险;死亡率;影响因素;预测价值
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.13.002
营养风险是危重症病人预后的独立危险因素。研究数据显示,约有78%的病人在重症监护室(ICU)住院期间会出现营养不良[1]。急诊科危重病人成为各ICU收治的主要群体,这类病人常处于急性发病期,代谢需求增加,且由于急诊营养供应不足,更易导致病人营养不良,与病人的死亡风险密切相关[2]。早期的营养风险识别与筛查是营养支持的关键,美国肠外营养学会(ASPEN)/重症医学学会(SCCM)指南推荐将营养风险筛查评分(NRS?2002)和危重症营养风险评分(NUTRIC)作为ICU病人营养风险的首选筛查工具[3]。近年来,有研究显示,改良NUTRIC(mNUTRIC)评分可能将成为一种更有效的ICU病人营养评估工具[4],但现阶段仍然没有证据表明哪个是最佳评估工具。目前,我院急诊重症监护室(EICU)仍使用NRS?2002进行营养风险筛查,因此,本研究旨在比较mNUTRIC和NRS?2002评分在EICU人群中营养风险筛查的适用性,并分析其对28 d死亡率的预测价值。
1 对象与方法
1.1 研究对象
选取2023年2月—5月我院急诊入住EICU的病人。纳入标准:年龄≥18岁;首次入住EICU且EICU住院时间≥24 h。排除标准:24 h内出院或死亡的病人;未能进行随访,无法评估28 d死亡率的病人。该研究通过医院伦理委员会批准,并获得病人或其家庭成员的知情同意。
1.2 资料收集
数据资料均从电子医疗记录文件中收集,包括身高、体重、体质指数(BMI)、入院诊断、急性生理与慢性健康状态评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA)、机械通气、血管活性药和持续肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)的使用等,所有资料均为病人入住EICU后24 h内收集。
营养筛查与评估由接受过培训的EICU高年资护士于病人入院24 h内采用mNUTRIC和NRS?2002评分进行评估,NRS?2002评分包括营养状态受损评分、疾病严重程度评分和年龄3个部分,总分≥3分认为有营养风险,≥5分为有高营养风险[5]。mNUTRIC评分包括病人年龄、合并疾病个数、从入院至转至ICU的天数、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分5个部分,总分<3分表明病人无营养风险,3~5分表明病人存在低营养风险,>5分表明病人存在高营养风险[6]。
1.3 统计学分析
采用SPSS 25.0版软件进行统计分析。定性资料用例数、百分比(%)表示,组间比较使用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。正态性采用Kolmogorov?Smirnov检验,正态分布的定量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验或方差分析,非正态分布的定量资料用中位数、四分位数[M(P25,P75)]表示,组间比较使用Mann?Whitney秩和检验。采用Kappa检验评估mNUTRIC和NRS?2002两种评分工具之间的一致性。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价各评分预测28 d死亡率的准确性,并根据约登指数的最大值确定临界值。采用单因素分析影响病人28 d死亡相关因素,采用Cox回归分析28 d死亡率的预测因子。因mNUTRIC评分包括APACHE Ⅱ和SOFA评分,为了避免重复,在进行Cox回归分析前需进行三者之间的共线性分析。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 EICU病人高营养风险发生的单因素分析
共152例病人纳入研究,其中102例(67.1%)存在高营养风险(mNUTRIC>5分)。所有数据均呈非正态分布,年龄69(56,79)岁,73.0%为男性;BMI 23.2(20.8,25.2)kg/m2;NRS?2002评分4(3,5)分,SOFA评分10(7,12)分,mNUTRIC评分6(4,7)分,APACHE Ⅱ评分19(16,24)分。152例病人中81例(53.3%)病人使用机械通气,63例(41.4%)病人接受血管活性药治疗,31例(20.4%)病人接受CRRT。30例(19.7%)病人在28 d内死亡,结果显示高营养风险病人28 d死亡率高于低营养风险病人(P<0.05),见表1。
2.2 mNUTRIC和NRS?2002评分与28 d死亡率的相关性
采用mNUTRIC和NRS?2002评分对病人进行营养筛查评估,mNUTRIC 评分筛查出高营养风险病人102例,占67.1%;NRS?2002评分筛查出高营养风险病人67例,占44.1%,两种评分筛查结果存在不一致性(Kappa值为-0.230)。结果显示,随着mNUTRIC和NRS?2002评分的增加,28 d死亡率总体呈上升趋势。
2.3 NRS?2002、mNUTRIC、APACHE Ⅱ和SOFA评分对28 d死亡率的预测价值
结果显示,mNUTRIC评分预测28 d死亡率的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.82,临界值为6分,敏感度为76.7%,特异度为78.7%;NRS?2002临界值为4分,AUC为0.64,敏感度为63.3%,特异度为60.7%。SOFA临界值为9分,AUC为0.79,敏感度为86.7%,特异度为59.0%;APACHE Ⅱ临界值为18分,AUC为0.78,敏感度为90.0%,特异度为54.1%。详见表2。
2.4 EICU病人28 d死亡率影响因素的Cox回归分析
以28 d死亡率作为因变量,将单因素分析中P<0.05的指标作为自变量,进行Cox多因素回归分析,各指标间不存在共线性,多因素Cox回归分析显示,mNUTRIC及SOFA评分是病人28 d死亡率的危险因素,见表3。
3 讨论
ICU 病人由于代谢改变、急性炎症状态,普遍存在营养不良风险,甚至在入院前已存在营养不良,因而ICU危重病人早期进行营养筛查并进行临床干预十分必要。目前,现有的营养评估工具较多,但评估工具各有利弊,尚未有公认的ICU病人营养筛查的最佳方法。
NRS?2002评分和mNUTRIC评分是评估危重病人营养风险的主要工具,在本研究中病人NRS?2002评分均≥3分即病人均存在营养风险,其筛查出高营养风险病人67例,占44.1%;mNUTRIC评分筛查出高营养风险病人102例,占67.1%,与国内研究结果[7]相近,两种评分筛查结果存在不一致性,可能与本研究纳入对象仅为ICU病人有关。一项系统评价显示,ICU病人营养风险的患病率差异很大,可能与所用筛查工具和病人的异质性有关[8]。另一项研究比较了NRS?2002和NUTRIC评分营养风险筛查的一致性,结果发现两种评价工具之间一致性较差,约有47.6%、35.6%的ICU病人分别被NUTRIC、NRS?2002评分筛查为高营养风险,NUTRIC评分能筛选出更多的营养风险病人[9?10],但也有相关数据发现mNUTRIC或NUTRIC评分在识别ICU病人营养风险时表现较差[11?12],可能不适用于该人群。
目前关于NRS?2002和mNUTRIC两种评分的争议较大,NRS?2002评分主要基于传统的营养参数,如体重减轻和食物摄入量的变化,mNUTRIC评分主要基于疾病的严重程度,研究已发现mNUTRIC评分在预测危重病人死亡风险中的优势[13?14],但研究发现该评分在预测长期死亡率方面并不优于NRS?2002评分[15]。有研究显示NRS?2002评分适用于ICU 病情较轻病人[7],NUTRIC评分与反映营养状态的客观指标相关性较差,但该评分指标客观且易于获取,更适用于病情危重、意识不清的ICU病人。近年来,不断有学者更新NUTRIC评分[16],各版本评分工具各有优缺点,但也表明确定重症病人营养风险评估的最佳工具仍是亟须解决的关键问题。
本研究显示,mNUTRIC评分预测 28 d死亡率的AUC为0.82,高于NRS?2002评分、APACHE Ⅱ评分和SOFA评分,这与多数研究结果[4,17]相似。而NRS?2002评分AUC仅为0.64,与Majari等[17]的研究结果相近,但却明显低于国内相关报告结果[18]。此外,本研究发现mNUTRIC评分预测死亡率的最佳临界值为6分,这与Jeong等[19]的研究结果一致。然而,Mahmoodpoor等[4]研究显示,最佳临界值为4分。由于多数研究样本存在异质性,mNUTRIC评分预测 ECIU 危重症病人死亡率的临界点仍不确定,因而更需要多中心、大样本研究来进一步验证。
本研究还发现,mNUTRIC和SOFA评分是 EICU 病人28 d死亡率的危险因素,但在陈意喆等[18]研究中发现mNUTRIC评分是老年重症肺炎病人死亡的独立风险因素,且有研究发现在预测死亡方面,mNUTRIC评分比SOFA评分更敏感[20]。此外,本研究中,营养筛查与评估是在病人入住EICU后24 h内完成的,但此类病人由急诊入院,多数处于疾病急性早期,病人代谢和血流动力学不稳定导致分解代谢增加[21]。既往有研究显示增加高营养风险病人的营养充足性可能会降低其28 d死亡率,危重症病人每天增加8.36 kJ(2 kcal)的能量摄入,生存期可延长2.1 d[14],因而选取入住EICU 24 h内的营养评估结果预测病人的死亡率是否合适仍需进一步研究。Park 等[22]的研究中考虑到 ICU 病人急性期和恢复期的不同特征,分别收集了不同时期相关营养指标,研究结果发现存活病人在入住第7天(慢性期)时mNUTRIC评分显著低于入住第2天(急性期),且第7天的mNUTRIC评分越高,预计临床结局越差,建议在ICU病人急性期后采用mNUTRIC评分预测病人预后,需要进一步的研究验证mNUTRIC 评分在危重病人中的最佳应用时机。
4 小结
综上所述,mNUTRIC评分是重症病人营养风险评估的有效工具,可用于判断EICU重症病人的临床预后。但本研究仍有局限性,首先本研究是单中心研究,样本量相对较小,因此其研究结果推广受限;其次,本研究未考虑到危重病人在 ICU 环境中急性阶段和恢复阶段的特征,未动态评估营养风险。
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(收稿日期:2023-06-25;修回日期:2024-04-07)
(本文编辑 崔晓芳)