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纤维蛋白原与白蛋白比值和全身炎症反应指数在胃癌患者中的应用价值

2024-07-06任静瑶于淼蔡辉

医学信息 2024年12期
关键词:胃癌

任静瑶 于淼 蔡辉

摘要:现有研究证实纤维蛋白原、血浆白蛋白、中性粒细胞、单核细胞和淋巴细胞在调节不同肿瘤的发生和发展中发挥重要作用,且在肿瘤患者的外周血中的水平与生存预后和治疗效果之间存在显著的相关性,但单次应用的准确性和特异性尚未完全明确。越来越多的证据表明,术前纤维蛋白原与白蛋白比值(FAR)和全身炎症反应指数(SIRI)等因子正在成为预测多种肿瘤预后和疗效的综合指标,其在胃癌的进展中起着关键的调节作用。因此,术前外周血FAR和SIRI水平在胃癌患者的预后评估和疗效预测中具有一定的潜力,对制定个体化治疗策略具有重要指导意义。本文综述了近年来国内外关于FAR和SIRI在肿瘤发生发展中的潜在机制以及在胃癌患者中的应用价值,旨在探索这些指标在胃癌患者中的临床价值,以提高患者的临床治疗效果和生存率。

关键词:胃癌;纤维蛋白原与白蛋白比值;全身炎症反应指数;炎症指标

中图分类号:R735.2                                   文献标识码:A                               DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.12.039

文章编号:1006-1959(2024)12-0168-06

Application Value of Fibrinogen to Albumin Ratio and Systemic Inflammatory Response Index

in Patients with Gastric Cancer

Abstract:Existing studies have confirmed that fibrinogen, plasma albumin, neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes play an important role in regulating the occurrence and development of different tumors, and there is a significant correlation between the level of fibrinogen, plasma albumin, neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of tumor patients and the survival prognosis and treatment effect, but the accuracy and specificity of single application have not been fully clarified. Increasing evidence shows that preoperative factors such as fibrinogen to albumin ratio (FAR) and systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) are becoming comprehensive indicators for predicting the prognosis and efficacy of various tumors, which play a key regulatory role in the progression of gastric cancer. Therefore, preoperative peripheral blood FAR and SIRI levels have certain potential in the prognosis evaluation and efficacy prediction of gastric cancer patients, and have important guiding significance for the formulation of individualized treatment strategies. This article reviews the potential mechanisms of FAR and SIRI in tumorigenesis and development and their application value in patients with gastric cancer in recent years, aiming to explore the clinical value of these indicators in patients with gastric cancer, so as to improve the clinical treatment effect and survival rate of patients.

Key words:Gastric cancer;Fibrinogen to albumin ratio;Systemic inflammatory response index;Inflammation indicators

胃癌(gastric cancer)作为世界范围内的一种重要癌症,其发病率排名第五,死亡率排名第四[1]。与大多数发达国家相比,中国的死亡率/发病率比和5年患病率更高[2]。目前,以外科手术为主的多学科综合治疗仍然是胃癌治疗的主要手段[3]。尽管在手术和麻醉技术、术后护理以及与胃癌相关的介入放射学方面取得了显著进展,但胃切除术仍存在严重的术后并发症风险。据报道[4],其术后并发症的发生率为20%~35%。这些并发症会阻碍康复,影响辅助治疗的耐受性,降低患者生活质量[5]。同时,患有并发症的患者具有更大的疾病复发风险[6]。最近,越来越多的研究表明,纤维蛋白原[7]、血浆白蛋白[8]、中性粒细胞、单核细胞和淋巴细胞[9]水平与肿瘤的预后密切相关。此外,纤维蛋白原与白蛋白比值(fibrinogen to albumin ratio,FAR)和全身炎症反应指数(systemic inflammatory response index,SIRI)是可以同时反映患者炎症和营养状况的综合标志物,在许多实体瘤的预后评估中也显示出重要的价值,如肝细胞胆管癌[10]、胃肠道间质瘤[11]、胰腺癌[12]、肝癌[13]、胆囊癌[14]。特别是对于胃癌患者,炎症和营养被认为是导致肿瘤进展并进而降低存活率的两个重要因素。本文就术前FAR和SIRI水平在胃癌患者预后评估和术后疗效预测方面的研究进展进行综述,旨在探索能够预测评估胃癌患者短期治疗效果和长期生存结局的可靠参考指标。

1 FAR的定义及在癌症中的相关机制

FAR=纤维蛋白原(F)/白蛋白(A)。白蛋白水平受患者的营养状态和代谢需求的影响,其不仅是一种可以反映营养状况的有价值的指标,还可参与炎症反应相关的评估[15]。低蛋白血症的发生会导致血浆胶体渗透压下降,从而减少了组织的灌注。这种情况下,组织的氧和营养供应减少,同时也影响了免疫细胞的功能。低白蛋白血症由炎症状态引起并反映了炎症状态,炎症状态会干扰对手术或化疗等事件的充分反应,并且与生活质量差和寿命缩短有关[16]。低白蛋白血症可引起肿瘤患者免疫缺陷,降低治疗效果,增加死亡率[17,18]。纤维蛋白原是血浆中含量最高的凝血因子,这种糖蛋白由肝脏合成和分泌,在血管或组织受损时可以转化为纤维蛋白,从而防止过度出血。纤维蛋白原转化为纤维蛋白驱动炎症,炎症灶内和周围的血管外纤维蛋白沉积表明纤维蛋白可能直接影响局部炎症细胞活性。同时,炎症作为活性调节剂也影响着抗纤维蛋白溶解状态[19]。癌症患者的凝血障碍多种多样,起源于肿瘤特异性生长特征、内皮受损的新生血管生成、骨髓造血功能缺陷、低蛋白血症或转移性病造生长导致的器官功能障碍[20]。纤维蛋白原水平异常可导致凝血时正常稳态控制失衡。有研究表明[21],纤维蛋白原、纤维蛋白和纤维蛋白溶解系统的成分与癌症生长和转移过程相互作用较为复杂。简单来说,血浆高纤维蛋白原促进高凝状态,有利于肿瘤细胞的粘附和存活,导致癌症的转移潜在性[22]。同时,纤维蛋白原还可以为肿瘤细胞外基质提供一个稳定的框架,以促进肿瘤细胞的粘附和侵袭过程[23]。也有研究表示[24],纤维蛋白原在癌细胞上的沉积可形成一种物理屏障,使癌细胞免受自然杀伤细胞的识别和裂解,增加了肿瘤转移的风险。此外,循环纤维蛋白原水平升高可诱导白介素-6(IL-6)的合成,促进肿瘤进展[25]。因此,可以认为恶性肿瘤患者术前高纤维蛋白原状态与肿瘤的侵袭性和复发风险增加有关。基于此,纤维蛋白原与白蛋白比值升高提示肿瘤预后不良,复发转移风险较高。

根据Wen Y等[26]的研究结果可知,FAR是胃癌患者一个有价值的预测指标,其与癌症患者的全因死亡率相关。由于FAR具有测量简单、成本低、易行性较好以及相对较高的准确性等特点,在临床得以广泛使用[27]。与其他炎症指标不同的是,纤维蛋白原、白蛋白在血液中的水平不受化疗的干扰,能更准确地反映患者化疗后的真实炎症状态[28]。

2 FAR与胃癌

有研究[29]评估前白蛋白与纤维蛋白原比值(PFR)、单核细胞与淋巴细胞比值(MLR)和白蛋白-纤维蛋白原比值(AFR)对胃癌的诊断价值,结果发现AFR与胃癌肿瘤大小、TNM分期、临床分期等病理特征相关(P<0.05),且当PFR、MLR和AFR组合时,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.951,敏感性和特异性分别为87.10%和95.06%,提示这种组合对胃癌患者的诊断价值很高。也同样有文献报道[30],AFR对HP阴性胃癌患者也具有诊断价值。除此之外,一项国内多机构研究[31]采用测试队列和外部验证队列中验证FAR水平与GC病理分期和患者远期预后有关。一项对1196例胃癌患者的大型回顾性分析显示[32],血清纤维蛋白原水平与晚期肿瘤分期和接受胃切除术的患者生存率低呈正相关。并且有多项研究发现FAR或AFR可为接受一线化疗胃癌患者[33]、老年胃癌患者[34]、可切除的Ⅱ和Ⅲ期胃癌患者[35-37]的临床预后判断提供一定的参考价值。还有研究表明[38],低AFR(<10.85)是化疗耐药的独立危险因素。不仅如此,在一项纳入365例接受根治性腹腔镜胃切除术老年胃癌患者的研究中发现[34],术前AFR水平是术后发生严重并发症的有效预测指标。国内也有研究发现[39],AFR是腹腔镜胃切除术后老年胃癌患者术后谵妄的危险因素。FAR在评估营养状况、凝血功能和全身炎症方面具有重要意义。以上结果表明其在胃癌的诊断、术后并发症预测、化疗耐药评估及长期生存结局判断中发挥着至关重要的作用,可以作为评估胃癌患者预后的有力参数。

3 SIRI的定义及在肿瘤中的相关机制

SIRI=中性粒细胞(N)×单核细胞(M)/淋巴细胞(L)。炎症在肿瘤增殖、转移和化疗耐药性中起重要作用[40]。SIRI集结了嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞和淋巴细胞三种细胞功能,是一种新的综合指标,作为较近被提出的一项指标,对肿瘤发生发展及其预后有重要作用。中性粒细胞作为肿瘤微环境的关键组成部分,它通过多种机制促进肿瘤进展,病理活化的中性粒细胞可能是理解休眠肿瘤细胞再激活机制的起点[41]。研究表明[42],中性粒细胞可以通过促进基质降解和癌细胞增殖。嗜中性粒细胞产生的物质,如趋化因子、基质降解蛋白酶和活性氧,具有改变肿瘤生长和侵袭性的能力。在很大程度上,中性粒细胞的分子和细胞生理学似乎决定了它们的主要作用是有利于转移性播种。中性粒细胞细胞外陷阱(NET)由释放的DNA分子形成,旨在捕获循环中的肿瘤细胞。这种缠绕的循环肿瘤细胞可能更容易在腔内存活,粘附在内皮细胞上并外渗。中性粒细胞可以直接与困在脉管系统中的肿瘤细胞相互作用[43]。单核细胞,作为炎症和癌症之间联系的介质,在癌症发展的各个阶段扮演着重要角色[44]。它们可以通过分化为免疫调节细胞来促进癌症免疫逃逸[45]。高水平的单核细胞计数代表高肿瘤负荷。在大多数肿瘤中,肿瘤细胞诱导循环单核细胞分化成肿瘤活化的巨噬细胞(TAM),通过分泌细胞因子和趋化因子并诱导具有抗癌活性的活化CD8+T细胞的凋亡,可促进肿瘤增殖、侵袭和迁移[46]。此外,TAM的密度会影响肿瘤血管生成,从而导致预后不良[47]。淋巴细胞作为免疫系统的重要组成部分,具有免疫监视的功能[48]。重要的是,T细胞中的代谢开关可以调节细胞活动并有助于肿瘤进展[49]。淋巴细胞通过细胞毒性可促进细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤生长,杀死肿瘤细胞。一般来说,淋巴细胞的减少将导致免疫紊乱并损害对肿瘤的免疫反应[50]。

SIRI反映了癌症微环境中主要免疫细胞(中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞)之间的复杂相互作用和协同促进作用,该新指标可用于预测恶性肿瘤患者的生存期,并能反映宿主免疫和炎症状况之间的平衡。越来越多研究报告显示SIRI与众多肿瘤的预后密切相关。Chen Y等[51]在鼻咽癌研究中发现,SIRI较高的患者的OS明显短于SIRI较低的患者。此外,有研究报道[52],在绝经后乳腺癌女性中,SIRI低的患者OS明显长于SIRI高的患者。也有研究显示[53,54],在一些实体瘤(包括胰腺癌、胃癌、食管癌)中显示出良好的预后能力。由于SIRI很容易根据全血细胞计数测试的结果计算出来,因此适用于在随访期间频繁测试SIRI。SIRI的价值和动态变化都有可能作为评估辅助放化疗疗效,选择合适的患者接受特定的靶向治疗和免疫治疗,以及监测可能的复发标志物,不过这些还需要进一步的研究证实。

4 SIRI与胃癌

在日本的一项研究中发现[55],在选取的8个具有代表性的炎症反应标志物中淋巴细胞/单核细胞(LMR)在其他炎症反应标志物中预测胃癌患者生存率的能力最强,较低的LMR与根治性胃切除术后的低生存率有关。另有研究显示术前LMR是预后的独立预测因子[57],术后12个月LMR以最高准确度预测5年总生存率(AUC为0.717)[56]。对于晚期胃癌患者的预后,MLR也被证实具有显著预测价值。淋巴细胞/单核细胞可以反映患者的免疫状态和炎症程度,以上结果表明LMR对于胃癌患者生存率显示出潜在的预测价值。最近,我国研究者还发现基于SIRI的综合评分系统可以预测胃癌术后淋巴结转移[58]。有研究指出[59],SIRI可作为肿瘤胸外科术后并发症的预测性生物标志物。2022年8月意大利发表的一篇研究表明[60],SIRI可作为胃癌全胃切除术后吻合口漏的预测因子。胃癌术后并发症的发生会增加治疗的难度,从而延迟康复并提高死亡风险,因此,早期预防和及时处理这些并发症非常重要。而以上研究的发现为SIRI成为监测胃癌患者病情和进行有效管理的有用工具提供了有力证据。

5总结

FAR和SIRI水平与胃癌患者的生存率和肿瘤的恶性程度相关,它们可以成为辅助判断的工具,帮助临床医师评估患者的炎症状态、治疗效果及预后,从而指导围手术期管理和诊疗决策的制定。FAR和SIRI是一种简单、方便、廉价的指标,可补充TNM分期以识别高危患者。由于TNM分期只能在手术后获得,因此术前预测预后可以为患者制定更具个性化的治疗计划。虽然国内外对关于纤维蛋白原-白蛋白比值和全身炎症反应指数在胃癌患者中的价值进行了探讨,但仍缺乏高级别循证医学证据的支持。当前的研究主要是回顾性单中心研究,且每个研究对FAR和SIRI的临界值并不一致,这使得综合评价变得困难。胃癌预后受到多种复杂因素的影响,使用单一指标难以准确评估。胃癌患者的免疫营养状态是一个全身性的变化过程,仅仅研究单个指标存在一定的局限性,需要进行更全面深入的探讨。因此,将FAR和SIRI结合起来应用对于胃癌患者短期和长期结局的价值有待进一步探索。FAR和SIRI的应用和解释需要更多的研究来支持,从而为胃癌患者的风险评估、临床诊疗和预后分析提供更多可靠和准确的循证医学依据。

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