中文教学在越南的本土化发展Localization of Chinese Language Education in Vietnam:

阮国偲 王子蕴

近年来，越南的“中文学习热”居高不下。2012年，越南相关政府部门将中文列入越南小学和初中的自选课，2021年，越南教育培训部将汉语与俄语、日语、法语定为第一外语。由此，中文进入了越南的国民教育体系，越南的中文教育也在这十年间实现了快速发展，越南民间的中文教育更是发展迅速。据统计，越南目前有500多家中文培训机构，经营类型多样，包括本地高校所属培训机构、民营机构以及外资企业等。为了探究越南中文教育的本土化发展概况，了解民营中文培训机构如何推动中文教育在越南落地生根，笔者对阮国偲博士进行了访谈。

In recent years， there has been a growinginterest in learning Chinese in Vietnam. In 2012， theVietnamese government introduced Chinese as anelective course in primary and secondary schools.In 2021， the Vietnamese Ministry of Educationand Training elevated Chinese， along with Russian，Japanese， and French， to the status of a primaryforeign language. This integration of Chinese intoVietnams national education system has led torapid advancements in Chinese language educationover the past decade. Moreover， Chinese language education has also experienced significant growthin private sectors. Currently， there are over 500Chinese training institutions in Vietnam， offeringa range of services provided by local universities，private enterprises， and foreign-funded companies.To explore the localization of Chinese languageeducation in Vietnam and understand how theprivate training institutions contribute to theintegration of Chinese language education， weconducted an interview with Dr. Nguyen Quoc Tu.

阮国偲博士现任越南东都大学中文系主任，越南中文教师协会会长，华东师范大学博士后研究员。他2013年开始学习汉语，2014年和2016年先后在吉林大学和北京语言大学攻读汉语国际教育硕士和博士学位，学成回国后，曾任孔子学院在线课堂外聘教师，具有多年中文教学与教师培训经验。2021年，他在越南创办了学而优教育集团（以下简称“学而优”）。多年来，阮国偲博士一直致力于越南国际中文教育和中文项目管理，推动越南与中国的文化交流与合作。

Dr. Nguyen currently serves as the Dean ofthe Chinese Department at Dong Do University in Vietnam， as well as the President of the Vietnam Chinese Language Teachers Association. He is a postdoctoralresearch fellow at East China Normal University. Dr. Nguyen began studying Chinese in 2013 and subsequentlyearned his masters and doctoral degrees in Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages from JilinUniversity and Beijing Language and Culture University in 2014 and 2016， respectively. After completing hisstudies， he returned to Vietnam and worked as an adjunct teacher for the Confucius Institute online classroom.Through this role， he gained valuable experience in Chinese teaching and teacher training. In 2021， Dr.Nguyen established QTEDU Language Center in Vietnam. Over the years， he has been dedicated to promotinginternational Chinese language education and managing Chinese programs in Vietnam， effectively contributingto cultural exchange and cooperation between Vietnam and China.

采访者：您好，阮老师，非常感谢您接受我们的采访。2021 年，您创办了学而优，并在三年内发展了20 余家子机构，成为越南第二大中文教育培训机构。请您简要介绍一下学而优的发展情况。

Interviewer： Good day， Dr. Nguyen. Thankyou for taking the time to speak with us. Sinceits inception in 2021， QTEDU has establishedover 20 branches in just three years， making itthe second-largest Chinese language traininginstitution in Vietnam. Could you provide anoverview of QTEDUs journey？

阮国偲（以下简称“阮”）：学而优教育集团于2021年3月29日成立，经过三年多的发展，现在的主要业务包括中文培训、留学咨询、相关的图书出版和中文人才输出。尽管成立仅三年，但在越南的赴华留学方面，学而优已经成为全越南最大的推荐机构，每年推荐上百名学生去中国留学：在2022年和2023年分别为640名和420名。中文培训方面，在越南20家培训机构中，学而优排名第二。排名第一的是青梅中文培训机构，已成立运营九年，旗下开设了22家子机构。2024年，学而优计划继续扩大规模，增加至40家子机构，有望成为全越南第一大中文培训机构。与青梅中文培训不同的是，学而优采用加盟模式，这样业务扩展更为迅速。

Dr. Nguyen： QTEDU was founded on March29， 2021. Over the past three years， our focus hasexpanded to include Chinese language training，study abroad consulting， book publication， andtalent development for Chinese language education.Despite our relatively short time in operation，QTEDU has emerged as Vietnams leading agencyfor students seeking to study in China. Annually， wefacilitate hundreds of student placements， with 640 in 2022 and 420 in 2023. In terms of Chinese languagetraining， we rank second among the 20 traininginstitutions in Vietnam. The top-ranking institution，Thanhmaihsk， has been in business for nine yearsand has established 22 branches. In 2024， our planinvolves further expansion， with a goal of reaching40 branches and establishing ourselves as the largestChinese training institution in Vietnam. UnlikeThanhmaihsk， we have opted for a franchise model toachieve faster growth.

采访者：“加盟式中文培训机构”的理念非常先进，推动了学而优的快速发展。请问在加盟模式之下，学而优是如何监控中文教学质量的呢？是否会设置准入门槛？平时是如何管理和监督的？

Interviewer： The idea of “franchise-basedChinese language training institution” is quiteinnovative and has been instrumental inQTEDUs rapid growth. Could you elaborate onhow you ensure the quality of Chinese teachingunder this model？ Are there specific entryrequirements in place？ And how do you typicallyhandle management and supervision？

阮：学而优集团的加盟模式设有明确的准入门槛，包括资金准入、人力资源与管理能力、教学地点、办学条件以及是否接受我们的企业文化，这保证了加盟者具备足够的实力和条件。加盟后，学而优会为加盟机构提供一套完整的运营流程，包括教材、教学PPT和教案、培训方案、合同模板、考卷等，这种标准化的运营流程有助于加盟者迅速入手，无需从零开始建立教学体系。为了保证教育质量，学而优实施了定期支持与监控机制。每月一次的培训和会议旨在确保加盟机构理解并遵循学而优的运营和教学标准。此外，加盟机构的管理层会加入专门的联系群组，总部提供实时沟通和解决问题的平台，加强集团内部的协作。教学质量和整体管理均由专业团队负责，希望通过对加盟机构的监控，确保其教学水平和服务质量能够达到学而优的标准，也希望通过这种组织，使得学而优在发展的同时，各个加盟机构的教育质量都能保持在一个较高的水平上。

Dr. Nguyen： Our franchise model entails clearentry requirements， covering financial capabilities，human resources and management skills， teachinglocations， operational conditions， and alignmentwith our corporate culture. These criteria ensure thatpotential franchisees possess the necessary strengthand conditions for success. Once onboard， weequip them with a comprehensive set of operationalprocesses， including textbooks， teaching materialssuch as PPT slides and lesson plans， trainingprograms， contract templates， and exam papers. Thisstandardized approach enables them to hit the groundrunning without the need to develop a teachingsystem from scratch. To uphold educational standards，we have established regular support and monitoringmechanisms. Monthly training sessions and meetingsare conducted to ensure that they fully comprehendand adhere to our operational and teaching standards.Additionally， franchise management teams participatein specialized communication groups facilitatedby the headquarters， providing a platform for realtimeproblem-solving and fostering collaborationwithin the network. Both teaching quality and overallmanagement are overseen by dedicated professionalteams. Our goal is to maintain consistent teachingstandards and service quality across all franchiseinstitutions through rigorous monitoring， therebyensuring that educational excellence is upheld as wecontinue to expand.

采访者：加盟的学而优机构都使用统一的教材，能请您介绍一下学而优主要使用的中文教材吗？

Interviewer： Could you provide insight into themain Chinese textbooks used by the institutionsof the QTEDU network？

阮：我认为教材是影响中文教育质量的核心因素，因此学而优在教材选择和研发上投入了大量的精力和资源。教材的成功开发和调整确保了各加盟机构能够提供一致且高质量的教学服务，是加盟模式能够成功的关键。目前，学而优以《速成汉语基础教程》为主要教材，并结合越南本土情况，对其进行了适应性调整：首先，通过正规渠道获取原版教材的版权，然后将原版教材内容与越南文化因素相结合，如增加越南地名、添加图片、重新排版美化等，以更好地适应越南学生的学习需求；其次，我们将原教材整合为四册，以适应HSK九级的新标准，保证教学内容的时效性和相关性。在整个教材的调整过程中，我们得到了中国北京语言大学一些教师的支持，教材的质量和适用性得到提高。

Dr. Nguyen： Textbooks play a pivotal rolein shaping the quality of Chinese education.Consequently， weve dedicated substantial effortand resources to their selection and development.Ensuring the successful development and adaptationof textbooks is essential for maintaining consistent，high-quality teaching across all affiliated institutions.This a key aspect of our franchising models success.Currently， our primary textbook is Speed-Up Chinese，customized to suit Vietnams local conditions. Wefirst secure the copyright for the original textbookthrough official channels. We then infuse Vietnamesecultural elements into the content — such asincorporating Vietnamese place names， introducingrelevant imagery， and enhancing the typesetting —to better align with the learning preferences ofVietnamese students. Furthermore， we organize theoriginal textbooks into four volumes， tailored tomeet the new standards of HSK Level 9 to ensurethe teaching content remains contemporary andrelevant. Throughout this process， weve receivedinvaluable support from teachers at Beijing Languageand Culture University in China， which contributessignificantly to the quality and applicability of thetextbooks.

采访者：除了中文教材，您也提到了学而优独具特色的中文教学法，能请您介绍一下吗？

Interviewer： Besides Chinese textbooks， you alsomentioned QTEDUs unique Chinese teachingmethod. Could you please explain it further？

阮：学而优采用的教学法是F-I-N智慧教学模型，这是基于我个人长期的中文学习和中文教学实践所得出的一种新的教学方法。目前，我正尝试对其进行理论化。F （Flipped Class） 指的是翻转课堂，一部分学习内容让学生在课前通过视频等方式自学，以便他们在课堂上更多地使用，参与讨论，加深理解，掌握学习重点。I（Immersive Education）指的是沉浸式教学，强调教师尽可能使用纯中文进行教学，即使是对于初学者，也通过提供大量的听力材料（无论是在课堂上还是作为家庭作业），以营造沉浸式的语言学习环境。N （Notes）强调有效的笔记方法，特别是康奈尔笔记法和思维导图的结合使用，帮助学生整理和记忆课程内容。教师的充分讲解、学生的积极参与和操练是实现这种教学法的成功关键，因此，我们在教师培训中会对教师进行专门的教学方法培训。尽管学生对这种教学法的接受度可能因个人学习习惯和偏好而异，但整体而言，这种教学法能够提高学生的自主学习能力，加深对课堂内容的理解，并通过有效的笔记方法提高信息整理和记忆能力。

Dr. Nguyen： The teaching method we use iscalled the F-I-N Smart Teaching Model， which is anew approach based on my extensive experience inlearning and teaching Chinese. Currently， I am inthe process of formalizing it into a theory. “F” standsfor “Flipped Class，” which is to assign studentslearning materials to study on their own throughvideos or other resources before class. This allowsthem to participate more actively in classroomdiscussions， deepen their understanding， and graspkey concepts. “I” stands for “Immersive Education，”which emphasizes teaching in Chinese as much aspossible， even to beginners， to create an immersivelanguage learning environment. We provideplenty of listening materials， both in class and ashomework， to facilitate this immersive experience.“N” stands for “Notes，” highlighting effective notetakingmethods， particularly a combination ofthe Cornell note-taking system and mind maps.This helps students organize and memorize course content more effectively. Thorough explanations byteachers， active participation， and regular practice bystudents are crucial for the success of this teachingmethod. Therefore， we offer specialized trainingon these methods for our teachers during theirtraining sessions. While students acceptance of thisapproach may vary depending on their individuallearning habits and preferences， overall， it enhancestheir self-directed learning abilities， deepens theirunderstanding of the material， and improves theirability to organize and retain information througheffective note-taking techniques.

采访者：您提到教师是实现高质量中文教学的关键因素，请您谈谈学而优是如何保证师资教学质量的？

Question： You mentioned that teachers arecrucial in achieving high-quality Chineseteaching. Could you please elaborate on howQTEDU ensures the quality of its teaching staff？

阮：首先，学而优建立了自己的教师评级系统，参照六个指标，将教师分为不同的星级，旨在激励教师提高教学能力和专业水平。这些指标包括：本硕博中文毕业、完成在华教师培训或学而优内部的教师培训、教学一年或在华留学、HSK五级+证书、越南教育部颁发的教师资格证、中国的国际中文教师证书。不同星级的教师依据其资格和教学经验享受不同的课酬标准，教授不同程度与规模的班级。此外，学而优会对教师进行定期培训，采取灵活的策略，逐步推广F-I-N智慧教学模型。虽然理想是所有教师都能采用学而优的教学方法，但考虑到实际情况，如果教师无法完全采用这种新方法，也可以采用传统方法，只要能达到教学目标即可。

Dr. Nguyen： To begin with， QTEDU has devisedits own system for evaluating teachers， which is basedon six key criteria. These criteria serve to categorizeteachers into different levels， with the aim ofincentivizing them to enhance their teaching abilitiesand professional standards. These criteria include：holding a bachelors， masters， or doctoral degree inChinese studies; completing teacher training eitherin China or through QTEDUs internal programs;having at least one year of teaching experience orhaving studied in China; possessing an HSK Level 5certificate or higher; holding a teacher qualificationcertificate issued by the Vietnamese Ministry ofEducation and Training; and obtaining the Certificatefor Teachers of Chinese to Speakers of OtherLanguages from China. Teachers are remuneratedaccording to their qualifications and teachingexperience， and they are assigned classes of varyinglevels and sizes accordingly. Moreover， QTEDUconducts regular training sessions for its teachers，utilizing flexible strategies and gradually introducingthem to the F-I-N Smart Teaching Model. While theideal scenario is for all teachers to adopt QTEDUsteaching methods， we recognize that practicalconstraints may exist. If teachers are unable to fullyembrace these new approaches， they are permittedto use traditional methods as long as they effectivelyachieve the teaching objectives.

采访者：您谈到了学而优教材、教法和教师等情况，学而优为什么能够发展如此迅速呢？您认为这是基于越南本地的中文学习需求还是政府鼓励？

Interviewer： Youve touched upon the stateof textbooks， teaching methods， and teachertraining at QTEDU. What factors do you believe fuel the rapid growth of QTEDU？ Is it primarilydriven by the local demand for Chinese languagelearning in Vietnam， or is there significantgovernment encouragement involved？

阮：学而优的迅速发展首先是由越南本地对中文学习的高需求推动的。随着越南和中国企业之间的交流增多，掌握中文技能的人才的需求增加，自然促进了中文教育的发展。当然，两国政治关系的稳定对中文教育和留学市场的发展至关重要。在政治关系稳定的大背景下，中文教育和留学市场发展迅速。在开办和经营学而优教育集团的过程中，我们并没有受到越南政府的直接鼓励或扶持。然而，越南政府也没有对学而优的运营制造阻碍，这种不干预的态度在一定程度上为学而优的发展提供了空间。此外，在过去的三年里，学而优从中国政府那里获得了很多支持，如为教师提供免费的培训和相关服务等。这种支持对于提高教师的专业能力和教学水平起到了重要作用，也有很多学生可以申请奖学金到中国留学或实习。这些都显示出中国政府对推广中文教育、增强文化交流的重视。

Dr. Nguyen： The swift expansion of QTEDUis largely attributed to the considerable demandfor Chinese language education in Vietnam. Asexchanges between Vietnamese and Chinesebusinesses increase， the need for proficient Chinesespeakers naturally drives the development of Chineselanguage education. Undoubtedly， the stability ofpolitical relations between our two countries ispivotal for fostering Chinese language education andthe study abroad sector. Against a backdrop of stablepolitical relations， both Chinese language educationand the study abroad sector have experienced rapidgrowth. While the Vietnamese government hasntdirectly encouraged or supported QTEDU， theyhavent posed obstacles to our operations either. Thisnon-interventionist stance has allowed for a certaindegree of development. Furthermore， over the pastthree years， QTEDU has received substantial supportfrom the Chinese government， including free teachertraining and free accommodation and other relatedservices. This support has significantly enhanced theprofessional capabilities and teaching standards ofour teachers. Additionally， many students have beenable to apply for scholarships to study or intern inChina. All these underscore Chinas commitment to promoting Chinese language education andfacilitating cultural exchanges.

在集团自身发展方面，学而优之所以能够发展得又快又好，一方面是因为我们吸引了大量人才。在整体企业构架中，我作为创始人，主要负责制定教学法、选择教材和把控教学流程；联合创始人孔明泰老师、两位副总丁氏清平老师和龙氏坚老师，他们都是优秀的企业管理人才，负责整个企业的商业规划；顾问陈氏青莲老师，是东都大学的中文系副主任，有着丰富的中文教学经验。另一方面，我们从2015年就开始进行中文教育，多年的教育经历也为我们积累了很多宝贵经验。

QTEDUs rapid and successful growth is alsoattributed to our ability to attract talent. As the founder，my primary responsibilities revolve around developingteaching methods， selecting materials， and overseeingthe teaching process under the companys framework.Co-founder Mr. Khong Minh Thai， alongside ourtwo vice presidents， Ms. Dinh Thi Thanh Binh andMs. Lung Thi Kien， excel in business managementand are instrumental in overall planning. We are alsofortunate to have Ms. Tran Thi Thanh Liem as ouradvisor， bringing her expertise as the Vice Dean of theChinese department at Dong Do University and richexperience in Chinese teaching. Furthermore， ourextensive involvement in Chinese education since 2015has provided us with invaluable insights.

此外，我本人自2015年就在孔子学院在线课堂教中文，教学效果很好。我有自己的网页和微博，吸引了大量学生粉丝，成为越南中文教育中有影响力的人物（即明星KOL老师），这种个人品牌和影响力也为学而优的发展起到了积极的推动作用。

Personally， since 2015， I have taught Chineseat Confucius Institute online classroom. Throughmy website and Weibo account， I have garnereda substantial following， establishing myself as aninfluential figure known as a KOL teacher in thefield. This personal brand and influence have alsosignificantly contributed to the growth of QTEDU.

采访者：您认为学而优的未来发展，或者说越南国际中文教育的发展还需要中方提供哪些支持呢？

Interviewer： What support do you expect Chinato offer for the future growth of QTEDU or the advancement of international Chinese languageeducation in Vietnam？

阮：首先，希望中方能够为毕业学生提供更多的就业和深造机会，这实际上是支持越南国际中文教育本土发展的关键。越南的中文学习人数正逐渐增加，这就需要与中国高校和企业建立更紧密的合作关系，为学生提供继续教育和就业的机会。其次是定向培养中文企业人才，中方的一些企业可以通过与越南的教育机构（如学而优）签署定向培养协议，直接培养符合企业需求的人才。这样的合作不仅能为企业解决中文人才需求问题，也能为学生提供明确的职业发展路径。定向培养计划的实施需要中方企业和越方教育机构的积极参与和资源投入，使中文教学内容与企业需求更匹配。

Dr. Nguyen： Firstly， we hope for increasedemployment and educational opportunities fromChina for our graduates. This is crucial for fosteringthe local development of Chinese language educationin Vietnam. As the number of Chinese learnersin Vietnam continues to rise， closer collaborationwith Chinese universities and businesses is neededto provide ongoing education and job prospectsfor students. Secondly， targeted development ofChinese business talents is essential. We hopeChinese companies could establish agreements withVietnamese educational institutions， like QTEDU， todirectly nurture talents aligned with their needs. Suchpartnerships not only address the talent demands ofChinese companies but also offer students clear careerpathways. Implementing targeted development plansrequires active involvement and resource allocationfrom both Chinese companies and Vietnameseeducational institutions to ensure Chinese teachingcontent aligns with industry needs.

采访者：非常感谢您接受我们的采访，谢谢您！

Interviewer： Thank you for agreeing to speakwith us. Much appreciated！