喝茶Over a Cup of Tea
2024-01-23鲁迅/文任东升/译
鲁迅/文 任东升/译
某公司又在廉价了,去买了二两好茶叶,每两洋二角。开首泡了一壶,怕它冷得快,用棉袄包起来,却不料郑重其事的来喝的时候,味道竟和我一向喝着的粗茶差不多,颜色也很重浊。
Tea prices were marked down as usual in a brand tea shop at this time of year, and I bought nearly four ounces of its fine loose-leaf tea for twenty cents an ounce. Impatient to get an initial taste, I made do with a kettle to make some after getting home, and wrapped the kettle up with my cotton coat for it to brew in the warmth. I waited a while before taking my first sip with great expectation but was let down. I was surprised that it should taste as ordinary as the plain tea I drink daily, let alone the dark colour and dregs.
我知道这是自己错误了,喝好茶,是要用盖碗的,于是用盖碗。果然,泡了之后,色清而味甘,微香而小苦,确是好茶叶。但这是须在静坐无为的时候的,当我正写着《吃教》的中途,拉来一喝,那好味道竟又不知不觉的滑过去,像喝着粗茶一样了。
I realized it must be the drinker who was at fault, since fine tea is supposed to be made in a special teacup with a lid. The second try was with the right vessel and I was not disappointed, for the tea soup looked clear, and it tasted sweet and smelt pleasant, with a bit of the bitter taste as well. It proved to be good tea indeed, but one could not appreciate such quality tea without a quiet mind. Yet my mind was at the time heavily loaded while I was writing the essay “Religious Utilitarians”, so the deliciousness of the tea passed my palate unappreciated, the same feeling as drinking the ordinary tea.
有好茶喝,会喝好茶,是一种“清福”。不过要享这“清福”,首先就须有工夫,其次是练习出来的特别的感觉。由这一极琐屑的经验,我想,假使是一个使用筋力的工人,在喉干欲裂的时候,那么,即使给他龙井芽茶,珠兰窨片,恐怕他喝起来也未必觉得和热水有什么大区别罢。所谓“秋思”,其实也是这样的,骚人墨客,会觉得什么“悲哉秋之为气也”,风雨阴晴,都给他一种刺戟,一方面也就是一种“清福”,但在老农,却只知道每年的此际,就要割稻而已。
It is a privilege of men with “both ease and leisure” to drink fine tea and know how to enjoy it, as you are supposed first to have the leisure time, and second to have cultivated good judgment in tasting fine tea. I assume that for a laborer, when his throat is burning with thirst, a cup of prime tea, like the Longjing or other top-brand tea, would taste no different from a mug of hot water. Such difference is also found between farmers and the literati. Autumn often evokes in men of letters “a sense of sadness”—in fact all natural elements, such as wind or rain, cloud or sunshine, trigger the literati’s sentiments—while a farmer would always busy harvesting in autumn. The contrast reflects that the “autumn sentiment” is not a burden, rather a “luxury”.
于是有人以為这种细腻锐敏的感觉,当然不属于粗人,这是上等人的牌号。然而我恐怕也正是这牌号就要倒闭的先声。我们有痛觉,一方面是使我们受苦的,而一方面也使我们能够自卫。假如没有,则即使背上被人刺了一尖刀,也将茫无知觉,直到血尽倒地,自己还不明白为什么倒地。但这痛觉如果细腻锐敏起来呢,则不但衣服上有一根小刺就觉得,连衣服上的接缝,线结,布毛都要觉得,倘不穿“无缝天衣”,他便要终日如芒刺在身,活不下去了。但假装锐敏的,自然不在此例。
It naturally leads some people to exclude this acute and delicate sense from the rustic masses as it has always been a badge of the upper class. I, predictably, would turn out to be a forerunner to ruin this badge. A sense of pain is to make us suffer while it also forces ourselves to be self-defensive. Without it, we would topple and bleed to death after being stabbed in the back, unaware of what happened. But when one is oversensitive, even the tiniest thorn, seams, knots or fluffs “piercing” through clothes would scratch him. We could no longer carry on our life unless we wore the seamless “heavenly clothes”. Surely, those people with a pretended acute and delicate sense don’t fall into this category.
感覺的细腻和锐敏,较之麻木,那当然算是进步的,然而以有助于生命的进化为限。如果不相干,甚而至于有碍,那就是进化中的病态,不久就要收梢。我们试将享清福,抱秋心的雅人,和破衣粗食的粗人一比较,就明白究竟是谁活得下去。喝过茶,望着秋天,我于是想: 不识好茶,没有秋思,倒也罢了。
Admittedly, a delicate and acute sensibility is much preferable to the lack of it, but only when it is conducive to the well-being of personal life and society. Otherwise, it morbidly goes to extremes. Such “evolution” is doomed to be cast off. Look at those high-brows who cherish all sorts of refinements and enjoy delicacies, how many of them have ever outlived the boorish, rough laborers who barely subsist on homely fare? While relishing the taste of my dear item, I gazed into the autumn sky and reconciled myself to the thought: I’d rather make a clean break with the over-sentimental upper-class, then being devoid of the luxuries of autumnal reverie and taste for fine tea is still leading a life equally worthwhile.
茶,可以说是读书人“文房四宝”之外的必需品。喝茶品茶,实乃读书、思考、阔谈的最佳中介,或可激发闲情和幽思,甚至从品一杯茶感悟到人生。
据统计,与“茶”相关的内容在鲁迅先生的日记中出现了百余次。他几乎每月都要“买茗一斤”,临近知天命之年,更是敞开了喝,甚至两天购入十三斤茶叶,可谓是“喝茶狂魔”。当代年轻人不可一日无咖啡,常戏说自己血管里流淌的是咖啡,照此类推,鲁迅先生的血管里流淌的恐怕就是绿茶了。
鲁迅先生作于1933年的随笔《喝茶》就记述了他某天买茶、喝茶的场景,以及由此引发的思考。鲁迅先生写喝茶,不仅是在写喝茶。他的文章言简意丰,常常是从切实小事洞悉人性,忧思家国,只有读懂这其中的情感与深意,才能翻译得较为准确,正如德国哲学家伽达默尔所说的:“阅读即翻译,而翻译则是第二次翻译了。”
施莱尔马赫认为,释义者,或说译者,要回到文本作者的时代,从精神上体验原作者的心灵生活,还原文本的意义。私以为,这种还原分为两层,基础的一层是考据,更上一层是共情。译者的工作不是将源语词语与译语词语依照词典对应起来,而更像一个文物学者,在原文、其他相关文本及资料中,挖掘与原文相印证的信息,再据此来进行措辞。看似普通的字词,也不能译得理所当然,就如文中的“廉价”是何种活动?茶叶是何种包装?“壶”又是哪种器具?为什么用棉袄包起来?这些问题都需要译者一一推理。
【第1段】开篇的“又”字体现出“廉价”并非偶发性的,应是季节性或周期性降价促销,每年都如此,也因此“又”字不必译为again。茶叶既列出单价,又只买二两,想必是散称,因此想到tea leaves,特指其叶片,这里指与茶包相对的散茶loose tea。
鲁迅先生对茶具不甚讲究,《补书旧屋旧事》中曾提及鲁迅平时喝茶不用茶壶,“只在一只上大下小的茶杯内放少许茶叶,泡上开水,也不加盖,请客人喝的也同样如此”。他家里连茶叶桶都是由煤油桶改造而来,相比美观更看重实用性。这里的茶壶既可译为teapot,也可译为tea kettle,前者是专门用来泡茶的。译文选用kettle,意指它不是泡茶的好工具,以便与下文的盖碗呼应。
据许广平回忆,鲁迅冬夜写作时惯喝浓茶,许广平特意为他缝制了一个棉茶壶套,包在茶壶上,茶就不易凉了。但原文此处并不是深夜,茶水也不会久放,毕竟下文提到鲁迅先生还翘首以盼品一品好茶呢,因此这里把壶包起来是为了让茶充分酝酿,倒不是怕喝冷茶。
【第3段】 更高一层的理解是共情,要做到共情,首先要清楚原文创作的社会背景。原文为鲁迅于1933年10月2日发表在《申报》“自由谈”栏目的散文。此前的9月17日,鲁迅在《申报·自由谈》发表了文章《新秋杂识(三)》,从中能一窥《喝茶》的深层内涵:“报章上满是关于‘秋’的大小文章:迎秋,悲秋,哀秋,责秋……等等。为了趋时,也想这么的做一点,然而总是做不出。我想,就是想要‘悲秋’之类,恐怕也要福气的,实在令人羡慕得很。”不难看出,鲁迅从喝茶这件日常小事谈起,反對将喝茶、“悲秋”独辟为“上等人的牌号”,将“悲秋雅人”所标榜的“细腻锐敏”斥为“有碍生命进化的病态”,意在批判当时空虚颓唐、无病呻吟的创作态度以及人生态度。明确这一背景后,就能更好地理解第3段中的“秋思”。
本段最后一句,鲁迅以两种喝茶方式区分两种截然不同的人:“雅人”和“粗人”,又以“悲秋”为引,讲述了两种截然不同的生活态度:“细腻锐敏”和“迟钝麻木”。为突出这种分明的对比,译文一开始就明确点出了对比的双方。此句最后的“知道”并不是指具有对某事物的知识,而是“关心”“操心”之意,因此不能简单地译为know。农民真的就没有触景生情的能力吗?他们只是常年忙于劳作而缺少“雅人”的闲暇,而且对农民来说,将时间放在有收获、有结果的土地上,显然比伤春悲秋更有价值。与普通大众的生存需求和生活实事相比,悲秋之人的“操心”华而不实。
【第4段】原文中的修辞通常是最难以理解且难以转换的,就如第4段中,鲁迅将情感层面的敏感实化,以穿衣类比。
鲁迅在原文这一段的立场很明确,要使这细腻锐敏的“上等人牌号”倒闭,对待他们的态度也是极尽讽刺的,把握住这一情感方向,就可以通过细节处理,译出否定之感。正如下文所说,锐敏较之迟钝麻木当然是进步的,但这种敏感已到了矫枉过正、矫揉造作的地步,因此译文将这一情感态度明晰化为oversensitive。“天衣无缝”中“天”的意象也在译文中得到了体现,意在暗示敏感的“雅人”所追求的都浮于虚空,不过是异想天开,一定程度上传达出了嘲讽之意。
【第5段】郁达夫曾评价鲁迅的文体“简练得像一把匕首,能以寸铁杀人,一刀见血。重要之点,抓住之后,只消三言两语就可以把主题道破”。文章结尾两句话就是如此锋利破题的。只有与鲁迅共情,与脚踏实地生活的“粗人”共情,才能理解鲁迅坚定地与劳苦大众站在一起的信念,以及对生命和生活的积极态度,才能较为准确地以译文再现之。
本段第3句以较为平衡的视角,比较“雅人”与“粗人”,比较结果并未明说。译文在句式上进行了较大调整,将着眼点放在“享清福,抱秋心的雅人”上,以反问句形式质疑“雅人”们的生存能力与生命力,语气情感更为强烈,答案不言自明。
鲁迅以喝茶起笔,亦以喝茶收束,首尾呼应,本段第4句译文的dear item是tea的求雅替换,有双重表达效果。首先丰富了词汇表达。其次通过代指与前后文相呼应,是形式上的衔接;也将作者对于茶的喜爱明晰化,进行反衬,面对大众现实的生存需求,如此心爱之物亦可放弃,更显坚定,这是内容上的衔接。秋天是季节,在英语中无法与gaze搭配,因而译文中处理为gaze into the autumn sky,增加鲁迅品茶思考的画面感。本段首句说道“感觉的细腻和锐敏,较之麻木,那当然算是进步的”,这证明鲁迅在“锐敏还是麻木”这一问题上的思考是辩证的。茶的确有好茶粗茶之分,人却没有高低贵贱之别,但若只有伤春悲秋、无病呻吟之人才能称得上是上等人,脚踏实地努力生存的只能算“粗人”,那当一回粗人又何妨?因此“不识好茶,没有秋思”实际是放下包袱、遵从内心的选择,still leading a life equally worthwhile所要表达出的云淡风轻,是对风雅名声的淡然置之,也是对人生而平等的深刻认识。
只有读懂鲁迅,才能翻译鲁迅。这个道理不仅适用于鲁迅的文章,将鲁迅之名换成任何一位作者都成立。翻译以理解为前提,又以促进理解为旨归,这是放之四海而皆准的道理。译者须得作为一个理解者,实现与作者的视域融合,方能追求读者与作者的视域融合。
《喝茶》的译者曾指出,文学翻译本质上讲是译者和作者之间的一次对话。合格的译者可以做到双语转换,而好的翻译家能够做到与作者心灵上的沟通。译者的用笔犹如一列磁悬浮列车,既没有亦步亦趋地贴在原作的文字上,却又飘然自得地运行在作者心灵的轨道上。