揭开that神秘的面纱
2024-01-12张翠萍
摘 要:that在英语中使用频率非常高,而且高考中对其考查也是比较多的。本文笔者整理了that的用法,主要针对高中教学以及高考中涉及的that的用法。that可作关系代词,引导定语从句,还可作连接词,引导名词性从句和状语从句,也可用作形容词、副词、指示代词等。
关键词:that;代词;从句
作者简介:张翠萍,山东省惠民县第二中学。
that是一个不可低估的英语单词,其运用频率相当高。因此,必须牢固掌握这一词的用法,总体来说that有以下几种用法。
一、that作关系代词,引导定语从句
that经常被用来代替相对的关系代词which或who,引导定语从句。在以下情况下,多使用that而少用which或who。
1.先行词表示一切事物,任何事物时,如all、any、anything、everything、nothing、any、every等。例如:
Do you have anything that you are puzzled with?
All that can be done must be done.
你有什么問题吗?所有可以做的必须做。
2.当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如:
It is one of the most touching movies that have been shown this month.
The first thing that we should do is to get some food.
这是本月放映的最具触感的电影之一。
我们应该做的第一件事是得到一些食物。
3.先行词被the only、the very、the same、the last等修饰时。
例如:The only thing that is impressive is his unforgettable experience in Beijing.
唯一令人印象深刻的是他难忘的经历。
4.当句子开头以who或which为引导时。例如:
Who is the girl that is delivering a speech over there?
谁是那个在那里演讲的女孩?
5.当先行词既有人又有物时。例如:
The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known.
你刚刚提到的作家和他的小说十分有名。
that作关系代词只用在限定性定语从句中,非限定性定语从句中不能使用that。that作关系代词时,先行词既可以是物也可以是人,可以在从句中 充当主语、宾语、表语,作宾语时可以省略。先行词是something、everything、nothing、anything等不定代词时,只能用that,不可用which。
高考链接
例1:The 80, 000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum 39 opened in 1759.(2020新全国I卷)
答案: 39. which/that
解析:此题考查定语从句。句意:例如,汉斯·斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限定性定语从句,先行词是the British Museum,关系词在从句中作主语,应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。
例2:Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018全国高考新1)
解析:考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study是先行词,其在定语从句中作主语,故填that或which。
二、that作连词,引导名词性从句
that 在名词性从句中不充当成分,没有实际意义,引导宾语从句时可以省略。即在主语从句、宾语从句、谓语从句和同位语从句中,that没有意义,只是起到引导作用。
(一)引导宾语从句介绍
介绍性宾语从句中“that”通常可以省略,但在以下六种情况下,不能省略。
1.如果宾语的两个或多个子句是平行结构的,则从第二个子句开始,that不容省略。如“Jack was informed(that)he had been enrolled in Sun Yat-sen University, and that he should register by August.”杰克被告知他已进入中山大学,预计在八月之前注册。
2.在介词后引出宾语从句时that不能省略。如“His parents expected him nothing but/except that he can make a living by himself after graduation.”他的父母除了他离开学校后能够自己谋生的事实外,对他没有任何期望。
3.当主句的谓语动词和宾语从句之间有插入语时,that不能省略。如“The head teacher told Jack,after a short hesita-tion, that he could have a day off on condition that he could make up for the missing lessons.”校长犹豫了一下,告诉杰克他可以放一天假,只要他能补课。
4.形容词后的宾语从句中的that通常不省略。如“Mary's parents are very content that their daughter has made such great progress in the final examination.”玛丽的父母很高兴他们的女儿在期末考试中考得这么好。
5.形式宾语+ adj.(补足语)+that(宾语从句)这一结构中that不能省略。如“Everyone believes it strange that he could pass the driving test.”每个人都认为他能通过开车测试很奇怪。
6.在直接引语中,当主句与从句分开时,that不能省略。如“‘I'm sorry to say’he said,‘that you are not the suitable person for the work.’”“我很遗憾地说,”他说,“你不适合这份工作。”
(二)引导表语从句
谓语从句放在约束动词之后时,通常不能省略。如“My advice is that everyone be punctual for the appointment.”我的建议:大家开会要准时。
(三)引导同位语从句
通常不能省略引导同位语从句的that。如“Based on the fact that you are enthusiastic about Chinese culture, I'm writing to invite you to get involved in it.”鉴于您对中国文化充满热情,我写信邀请您参加。
高考链接
例1:While they are rare north of 88°, there is eviden-ce 61 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.(2019全国卷1)
解析:考查同位语从句。根据句子结构分析可知,主句为there be句型,且结构完整,空格后为同位语从句,解释说明中心词evidence的内容,故填that。
例2:Scientists have obtained more evidence plastic is finding its way into the human body.(2019年江苏高考)
A. what B. that C. which D. where
解析:此题选B。此题考查that引导同位语从句。
三、that作连词,引导状语从句
so that,in order that 引导目的状语从句,从句中常用情态动词 can/could、may/might、will/would 等。so/such that 引导结果状语从句。on condition that引导条件状语从句。in that、now that 及用在 sorry、glad 等表示“感情”的形容词后的 that,引导原因状语从句。
a. You must speak loudly so that/ in order that you can be heard by all.(that引导状语从句)
b. He got up early, so that he caught the early bus.(that結果状语从句)
高考链接
例1:On our way to the house, it was raining 61 hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take 62 (get) there.(2019天津高考)
解析本句句意为:在我们去那座房子的路上,雨下得如此大以至于我们不能不想还要多久才能到达那里。此题考查的是“so...that...”这个固定结构。
四、that 用于强调句,不作成分,无实际意义
强调句型结构:It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分。
例:It was in the hotel he stayed I met him.
A. that; where
B. which; that
C. where; that
D. when; where
解析:答案为 C。he stayed 为定语,修饰 hotel。主句为 “I met him in the hotel”,此题考查强调句式。
高考链接
例:It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house we saw Lily in the passenger seat.(2018天津高考)
A.which B.that C.when D.where
析:此处考查强调句型的结构,答案填that。
五、that 作副词,意为“那样,那么”
a. I can't walk that far. 我无法走那么远。
b. I haven't seen that tall a man before. 我以前从没有见过那么高的一个人。
六、that 作指示代词,指距离较远的人、物
例:This is a pen and that is a pencil.这是一支钢笔,那是一支铅笔。
七、that 指前面讲到过的事物,其复数为those
例:I had a cold. That's why I didn't come.
参考文献:
[1]陈路明.that用法集锦[J].高中生(高考指导),2014(8).
[2]高成忠.that用法与高考试题分析[J].新课程(中),2015(11).
[3]王祚平.从高考试题谈that的几种主要用法[J].山东师范大学外国语学院学报(基础英语教育),2011(1).