Novel soliton molecule solutions for the second extend (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo-Miwa equation in fluid mechanics

Hongcai Ma,Xiaoyu Chen and Aiping Deng

Department of Applied Mathematics,Donghua University,Shanghai 201620,People’s Republic of China

Abstract The main aim of this paper is to investigate the different types of soliton molecule solutions of the second extend (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo-Miwa equation in a fluid.Four different localized waves:line solitons,breather waves,lump solutions and resonance Y-type solutions are obtained by the Hirota bilinear method directly.Furthermore,the molecule solutions consisting of only line waves,breathers or lump waves are generated by combining velocity resonance condition and long wave limit method.Also,the molecule solutions such as line-breather molecule,lumpline molecule,lump-breather molecule,etc.consisting of different waves are derived.Meanwhile,higher-order molecule solutions composed of only line waves are acquired.

Keywords: second extend(3+1)-dimensional Jimbo-Miwa equation,N-soliton solution,velocity resonance,soliton molecule solution

1.Introduction

The study of analytical solutions helps us to clarify the physical properties and behaviour of nonlinear equations,which are structural models for many physical phenomena[1].There are a number of theoretical approaches to solving analytical solutions,such as the tanh-coth method [2–4],Riemann–Hilbert method[5–7],the inverse scattering method[8,9],Darboux transformation method [10–13],the Painlevé analysis [14],the generalized symmetry method [15],Hirota bilinear method [16,17,38] and others [18–21].

In the subject area of the natural sciences,solitons demonstrate remarkable order in the presence of nonlinear effects.In general,we refer to a wave that retains its original size,shape and direction during motion or propagation,and has stability,as a soliton wave [22].In recent years,a new topic soliton molecules has emerged in the study of solitons,which are bound states of one or more solitons [23–27,41–43].The three well-known local waves: lump waves,breathers and line waves are very significant components of soliton molecule solutions.

The (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo-Miwa equation

first introduced by Jimbo and Miwa [28] is the second equation of the KP hierarchy.This equation is used to describe certain interesting (3+1)-dimensional waves in physics and then discussed by many authors on its solutions[29],integrability properties[30],symmetries[31–33]and so on.Wazwaz have proposed two extended (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo-Miwa (3D-eJM) equations [34].The second 3D-eJM equation is deduced by replacinguytwithuxt+uyt+uztas

where u=u(x,y,z,t)is a function with respect to three spatial coordinates x,y,z and temporal variable t which indicates the amplitude of the wave in the physics of fluids,especially in ocean engineering and science [1].Although equation (2)belongs to the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy,but it does not satisfy the classical productability condition [28].

Figure 2.Double soliton solution to the 3D-eJM equation with p1=1,q1=1,r1=2,p2=2,q2=4,r2=1,φ1=φ2=0,z=0 in equation (10).

In contrast to other 3D-eJM equation,relatively little research has been done on this equation.For equation (2),Wazwaz derived multiple soliton solutions [34],Guo et al presented four different localized waves and interaction solutions between lump solutions,line solitons,breathers and rogue waves using the Hirota bilinear method,Sun et al found lump and lump-kink solution [36],Xu et al constructed the resonance behavior with the aid of special parameter restrictions[37].But as far as we know,no molecule solution of this equation has been studied,especially for the lump molecule solution,a special structural phenomenon that does not exist in most (2+1)-dimensional physical models by using long wave limit method [38,39].All of findings in this paper can be used to explain some natural phenomena in the ocean waves and nonlinear optics.Further,the study can be extended to investigate several other nonlinear systems to understand the physical insights of the molecule phenomenon in their dynamics.

This paper has following structure.In section 2,we give four different types of localized waves and the expression of their velocity through the use of N-soliton solution,module and velocity resonance conditions,long wave limit method.We present three molecule solutions consisting of the same localized wave e.g: line molecule,breather molecule and lump molecule solution in section 3.In section 4,a number of molecule solutions with a mixture of different localized waves are obtained.And two forms of the higher order line molecule solutions are derived.Some conclusions and discussions are given in section 5.

2.Different localized waves to the second 3D-eJM equation

According to the Hirota bilinear method and Bell polynomial technique,with logarithmic transform

the equation (2) can be converted to following bilinear form:

where operators Dx,Dtare defined by

To facilitate mathematical calculations,the equation (4) can be expanded as

The N order solution of equation (4) has the following form:

where

Figure 3.First order line breather solution to the 3D-eJM equation with=2 +i,φ1=φ2=0,z=0 in equation (6).

Here,pk,qk,rk,φk(k=1,2,…,N) are arbitrary constants,Σμ=0,1denotes all combinations of μk=0 or 1.The N-soliton solution of equation(2)can be expressed through substituting equation (6) into equation (3).Based on the N-soliton solution,we construct a number of different localized waves.

Figures 1(a),(b) depicts the 3D-plot and density plot of single line soliton with parameters p1=1,q1=1,r1=2,φ1=0 at z=0 plane.Subject to this parameter,equation (3)is reduced to

Actually the ratio of p1to-q1determines the slope of the line in figure 1(b),φ1affects the initial position (t=0) of the solution in the diagram.In other words,if φ1is not equal to zero,then the centre of the solution at the initial position must not pass through (0,0) at z=0.In order to better study the motion of line wave,we decompose the velocity of the solution orthogonally in the x,y perpendicular directions and give its expression as follows

whereωksatisfies equation (7).The velocity of single line wave in equation (8) is.The correctness of the above assertion can be demonstrated in figure 1(b).

Double soliton solution can be seen as a morphism consisting of the nonlinear superposition of two single soliton solutions.Its kinematic process can be split into two mutually independent single line wave motions and its velocity can be elaborated by two velocity expressions in equation (9).This also indicates that the collision between two soliton waves is elastic: the velocity,phase shift and amplitude do not change before or after the collision.With p1=1,q1=1,r1=2,p2=2,q2=4,r2=1,φ1=φ2=0,a double soliton solution to the 3D-eJM equation is presented as

It can be seen in figure 2 and travels at a speed of

The N-order breather solution can be obtained by imposing module resonance condition on the parameters of the 2N-order soliton solution,i.e.

where the symbol ∗indicates the complex conjugate number of the parameter.It is similar in nature since the breather solution is derived from the soliton solution.But the pace expression of breather is

For N=2,second order breather solution can be deduced fromu=2 (l nfx) with

The N-order lump solution also can be derivated from 2N-order soliton solution.As the procedure for finding the exact solution of lump using the long-wave limit method is well established,we directly provide following constraints:

Then the N-order lump solution to the 3D-eJM equation can be acquired if we take δ →0,specific forms are

whereξk,Aks(k,s=1,2,3,4) fulfills the equation (7).The second-order breather solution can similarly be viewed as the interaction situation between two first order ones.In order to clearly show the interaction solution described,we make the directions of motion of the two first order breather solutions orthogonal to each other and show in figure 4.One along thePk,Qk,Rk,φkare arbitrary constants,Φkaffects the initial position of the corresponding lump solution.We usually study the trajectory of the wave crest of the lump wave.According to the solution of the system of equations{ux=0,uy=0},we accquire the velocity formula of lump wave

negative direction of the y and the other along the negative direction of the x,with velocitiesrespectively.

When N=1,with specific parameters,the expression of a first order lump wave is reduced as below:

We put the three-dimensional plot,density plot and sectional plot of the above solution in figure 5.

When N=2

whereθk,Bksmeet the equation (16).Second order lump solution can be represented by placing equation (19) in equation (3) as shown in figure 6.We makeφk(k=1,2,3,4) not all zero,allowing us to split the trajectory of the two first order lump solutions.Their speeds arerespectively.

As we all know that two soliton will transform to resonance Y-type soliton if we take suitablepi,qi,ri(i=1,2) in accordance with exp (Aks)=0and{pk≠psorqk≠qsorrk≠rs}.The speed of Y-type structure solution has rarely been investigated in the previous literature.We likewise provide an expression for its velocity by analysing the variation with time of the position of the intersection point,

Let N=2,the f is transformed to 2-resonance Y-type solution as

where ξkare given by equation(7),and this phenomenon can be observed in figure 7.The velocity of above solution is

Let N=3,with exp(A12)=exp (A13)=0,the f is reduced as

where ξk,bksare given by equation (7) and equation (13).Substitute equation(22)in equation(3),we achieve two different kinds of 3-resonance Y-type solutions as show in figure 8.One in x-y and z=0 plane,the other is in y-z and x=0 plane.The shape of solution in figure 8(a) is similar to that of X.

3.Molecules composed of the same waves

In the last section we focused on four types of local waves and gave expressions for their respective velocities.It is not hard to see from the images of the higher-order solutions that a higher-order solution can be seen as an interaction phenomenon between several lower-order solutions.Much literature shows that collisions between these four local waves are all elastic collisions,the same as between two line waves[44–46].It is well known that assuming that the velocities of the two lower order solutions are identical (including the x,y axes),the two solutions are bound into a new structure during the motion called molecule solution.This section demonstrates several molecule solutions consisting of the same local wave.

To investigate the single line molecule solution,the fuction f can be choosed as same as second order soliton solution.With the parameters as the figures 9(a)–(c),the u can be unfolded as

In particular,we find the velocity resonance among two breather waves by picking parameters in equation (13) meet module resonance condition and

Based the bilinear form,like the lump molecule solution which does not exist in many (2+1)-dimensional integrable models,such as the (2+1)-dimensional generalized Bogoyavlensky–Konopelchenko model [38],Kadomtsev–Petviashvili(KP)system[39],(3+1)-dimensional nagative order KdV-CBS model [47],etc.But for KP systerm,lump molecules can be discovered by using the reduced version of the Grammian form[35,40].With the aid of equation (17),we find the lump molecule solution in equation (2),which needs to cater for

in equation(19).figure 12 vividly depicts this type of molecule solution with speed,the distance between the centres of two single lump solution is constant.

4.Molecules made up of the different waves

In this section,we investigate molecule solutions consisting of different localized waves.It is obvious from the previous analysis that,again,no contact occurs between waves,which remain relatively stationary.The function f can be chosen as

if we want to look for the line-breather molecule which consisting of a single line and a single wave.ξk,bksare given by equation(7)and(13).Like the one shown in the figure 13,the line wave move parallel to the breather with the same speed.Once the coefficients of x,y,z,t have been determined,φ1,φ3determines the distance between the two solutions.By φ1=φ3,we find a phenomenon shown in figure 14,the breather collides line wave continuously and changes its own form.

When searching for a molecule solution consisting of lump solution and other solutions,the partial long-wave limit method is required.For example,let

the lump-line solution will be located on figure 15 with velocity

When adjusting φ3to 0,the line wave passes exactly through the centre of the lump solution and the two waves merge to form a lump-kink solution.And the lump solution is divided into exactly two section,with the upwardly raised part on top of the kinked area and vice versa.The method used for the idea just mentioned is different from the test We promote on the basis of equation (28) that

Figure 14.Always collide case with φ1=φ2=φ3=0,other parameters are consistent with figure 13.

Figure 16.Lump-kink solution to the 3D-eJM equation with Φ3=0,other parameters are consistent with figure 15.

then the interaction solution between lump and two line waves is derived from weak sense.Another case is that the lump solution and the two line waves as a whole form a molecule solution,i.e.lump-2 line solution.These two cases are shown in figures 17 and 18.The velocity of the molecule solution in both diagrams is,and other line wave is (0,0).

Since the 2-resonance Y-type solution is derived from the two-soliton solution and we have given lump-2 line molecule in figure 17,it follows that molecule solution consisting of lump solution and 2-resonance Y-type solution must exist in this system.If equation (35) meet the following parameter restrictions

where ξk,θk,Bks,b34suit equations(7),(13)and(30).On this basis we find two different scenarios.The first case is where the lump solution forms a bound molecule with one of the line waves and moves in the direction in which the other line wave is located.The distance between the lump solution and the two line waves remains fixed,although there is a change in relative position between the two line waves as time changes,and this can be interpreted as a lump-2 line solution in the then it can be denoted as lump-resonance Y-type molecule solution in figure 19.Lump solution is located in the middle of the two branches of the resonance Y-type solution,and the distance between the lump solution and the two branches remains the same from the beginning to the end.This molecule solution is moving at

If equation (36) meet the module resonance condition and

where ω3is given by equation (12),then the lump-breather solution is vividly described in figure 20 with

Since the three branches in the resonance Y-type solution(see figure 7) are not parallel to each other,neither the line wave nor the breather can form molecule solution that never collides with the resonance Y-type solution,but there are cases where they always collide but do not move relative to each other over time.It is sufficient to ensure that the velocities of the resonance Y-type solution and the line wave or breather solution are identical.We can also accquire lumpbreather-line molecule solution by making full use of the conditions (9),(12) and (17) inu=2 (l nfx),where

In equation (3) and (6),we can obtain integral structure made from lump solution and two resonance Y-type solutions under the following condition

Here,ξk,θk,Bksare given by equations (7),(13) and (30).It can be seen in figure 21 that lump solution lies between breather and line wave,and the speed is

where ξk,θk,Bks,bksare given by equation(7),(13)and(30).The two white lines in figure 22 are the trajectories of the two resonance Y-type solutions and the black one is the lump solution.In terms of the positive direction of the x,two resonance Y-type solutions are all the fusion case.The fact that the three lines are parallel means that the lump solution will not collide with the other two solutions,and they have a common velocity.Three trajectories respectively are

Finally we have generalised the order of the molecule solution consisting of only line waves.On the basis of the specificity expression of the N-order soliton solution (6),the N-line molecule solution has two forms One that we can let arbitrary rkand

5.Conclusions

Based on the bilinear form of the second extend (3+1)-dimensional Jimbo-Miwa equation,we concentrate on investigating molecule solution,the bound state that consisting of one or more soliton solutions of the 3D-eJM equation.Through the assistance of long wave limit method,module resonant condition and resonant condition,dynamical features of some one or two order localized waves are presented in figures 1–8.Although we have given an expression for the velocity of each individual localized wave,it should be noted that this is only true for the x–y plane.Of course these expressions can be extended to the x–z or y–z plane by simply replacing the coefficients of x,y in the equation (9),(12) and (20) with coefficients of x,z or y,z simultaneously.In order to achieve the velocity of the lump solution in the x–z or y–z plane,it is sufficient to solve for{ux=0,uz=0},{uy=0,uz=0}respectively.

With velocity resonance mechanism,a wide range of molecule solutions consisting of line wave,breather wave,lump wave and resonance Y-type solution are graphed in figures 9–24.Particularly the lump-lump molecule in figure 12 which is not common in other low-dimensional physical models.An intersecting rather than parallel line molecule solution with various order are demonstrated in figures 9,23 and 24.We believe that above idea can be applied to other (3+1)-dimensional physical models.These molecule solutions may enlighten our understanding of the phenomenon of nonlinear wave propagation in fluids without collisional patterns.In future work,we are committed to finding new methods that allow us to obtain lump-lump molecule solutions in (2+1)-dimensional productable systems.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the anonymous referees of the journal for helpful comments on an earlier draft.

Ethical approval

The authors declare that they have adhered to the ethical standards of research execution.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.