有鱼名叫“扒皮狼”
2023-11-28孙为刚
孙为刚
笔者30岁之前住在一个内陆县城,对海里的东西知之甚少。幸好当时厂里有一拨儿烟台知青,他们经常带来海的信息。一次吃午饭时,一烟台工友把饭盒递到我面前,让我吃他从家里带来的鱼。我问他:“这是什么鱼?”他操着浓浓的烟台腔儿答道:“扒皮狼!”我心里一愣,明明是鱼,怎么叫成了狼?
几年后,我奉调定居烟台,几乎天天见海,隔三岔五地去鱼市,终于见到了这种被称为扒皮狼的鱼。
扒皮狼学名为“绿鳍马面鲀”,属鲀形目、革鲀科。扒皮狼只是“马面鲀”诸多外号中的一个。生物学物种命名法中,有一个概念叫作模式产地,是指对物种定名的时候,用来定名的原始标本产地。马面鲀生物学定名的模式产地就是烟台。可见扒皮狼与烟台的渊源深厚。
马面鲀还有许多别称和外号。因为头部长得像马脸,所以得名“马面鱼”。因为整张鱼皮可以从头部到尾剥下来,所以又称“剥皮鱼”“皮匠鱼”,烟台人则称之为“扒皮狼”。因为鱼皮表面粗糙得像砂布,又称橡皮鱼。因为噘着圆圆的小嘴,尖嘴猴腮的,也有人称之为“猴鱼”。总之,扒皮狼的学名和外号皆因其长相丑陋和古怪而得名,充满了人们对它的蔑视或鄙视。
除了相貌丑陋古怪,扒皮狼的身上还长着又硬又尖的刺,其中不乏倒刺,挂在网上很难摘,买回家收拾时不小心就被刺得手破血流。所以,在那个水产品还算丰富的年代,扒皮狼是很不受人待见的鱼。渔民出海打鱼,碰到网上挂着扒皮狼,数量少的时候,就从网上摘下来,直接扔到了海里,都懒得吃它。有时打得多了,上岸后干脆挖个坑儿,沤作肥料。
按说一种鱼混到这个份儿上,也真够可怜的。谁也没想到,三十年河东,三十年河西,随着海里能打上来的东西越来越少,饱受诟病、遭人白眼的扒皮狼也来了个咸鱼大翻身。正应了那句俗话:“人不可貌相”,鱼也不可貌相。尽管扒皮狼相貌丑陋,尽管人们对扒皮狼存在着鄙视与偏见,但这丝毫不影响扒皮狼自身的价值。20世纪70年代后,随着渔业资源的匮乏,扒皮狼的地位迅速上升,许多渔业公司大量开发这一新兴资源,对产品进行深加工。浑身是宝的扒皮狼也不负众望。鱼肉加上配料深加工,制成小包装食品,鱼骨做成鱼排罐头,头、皮、内脏加工为鱼粉,全身上下没有浪费的地方。长相丑陋、鱼皮又糙又厚的扒皮狼从此身价倍增,且走进千家万户,产生了较大的经济效益,成为许多海洋渔业公司的看家鱼。此事一度成为海洋渔业的一大新闻。
更让人始料未及的是,20世纪60年代前几乎无人问津的扒皮狼,如今更是身价大增,市场上个头小的也要二三十元一斤,稍大一些的都要五六十元甚至更高,价格令人咂舌。
扒皮狼是一种温水性近底层鱼类,主要分布在中国的黄海、渤海、东海、南海海域以及日本和朝鲜的沿海,高峰时年产量可达25万吨左右,是中国位居第二的海洋经济鱼类。我们家门口的这片海就是扒皮狼的盛产之地,要不怎么会成为扒皮狼的模式产地呢。
除了数量大,扒皮狼的营养和口味也毫不逊色。它鱼肉洁白,蛋白质和维生素含量丰富,而脂肪的含量却很低,这很符合现代人对食物低脂肪高蛋白的需求。扒皮狼的肉质细嫩没有腥味,比较适合清蒸。如果你嫌味道清淡,也可添加豆豉、酱油、姜丝、蒜蓉等作料,家常炖、煮、焖。除此之外,干煎、油炸、紅烧、醋熘、酱焖等,任你各种烹饪手段都能派上用场。扒皮狼鱼肉纤维较长,比较适合烧烤,随着微波炉、烤箱之类厨房家电的普及,将扒皮狼收拾干净,用调料腌制后放进微波炉或烤箱,几分钟或十几分钟后,一盘色、香、味、形俱佳的美味便会呈现在你的面前。如果你觉得这些做法还不合你意,因为扒皮狼的肉味比较清淡,做一道清淡可口的鱼汤也是不错的选择。
Living in a small town in an inland county before the age of 30, I knew very little about things in the sea. Fortunately, in my factory there were some school graduates from Yantai who often brought information about the sea. One day, one of them handed me a lunch box and asked me to eat the fish he brought from home. I asked him, “What kind of fish is this?” He replied with a thick Yantai accent, “Bapilang”, which means “skinned wolf”. I was stunned. It was clearly a kind of fish, but why it was called a wolf?
A few years later, I settled in Yantai because of the transfer at work. From then on, I could see the sea almost every day and go to the fish market every now and then. Finally, I saw this kind of fish called “skinned wolf”.
The scientific name of the skinned wolf is Navodon septentrionalis, which belongs to the order of tetraodontiformes and the family of aluteridae. It has many nicknames and “skinned wolf” is only one of them. In the biological species naming system, there is a concept called pattern locality, which means naming a species with the locality of the original specimen. According to this system, the locality of its biological naming pattern is Yantai. Thus, it can be seen that there is a close relationship between “skinned wolf” and Yantai.