事物介绍类说明文读写指南
2023-11-23广东莫炎芬
广东 莫炎芬
文体导读
事物介绍类说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式、以介绍事物为目的的文章体裁。此类文章对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事理进行阐释，使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系，或对事理的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等能有科学的认识。说明文的中心鲜明突出，文章具有科学性、条理性、严谨性，语言准确生动。在说明方法上常采用举例子、打比方、下定义等方式。此类语篇中涉及的事物常包括科学发明、文化习俗、名胜古迹等，在高考中均有考查，且难度相对较大。本文将聚焦事物介绍类说明文中的地点介绍。
策略导航
（1）巧用彩色笔细品文章。借助彩色笔对文本中的不同部分做标注。例如：用紫色笔标注文章结构的关键句，用绿色笔标注举例子的关键句，用红色笔标注打比方的关键句，用黄色笔标注下定义的关键句，用蓝色笔标注摹状貌的关键句，等等。写作时，根据标注的情况，进行仿写。
（2）利用“三读”方法梳理文本框架、内容和语言，搭建读写支架。“三读”方法是事物介绍类说明文常采用的一种阅读方法，遵循由大至小的原则，层层剖析文章。“三读”指的是“读整体”“读精细”“读品味”，即在三次阅读过程中分别整体把握说明对象及其说明点，深入研讨说明方法点，捕捉并体会作者的情感点。在阅读事物介绍类说明文时，利用“三读”方法有助于我们梳理和整合文章的结构与信息，系统掌握说明方法，深入体会作者的态度或情感。在构思事物介绍类说明文时，可以利用“三读”方法对文章进行布局，同时提前预设需要使用的说明方法以表达相应态度或情感。
以总分式说明文结构为例阐释“三读”方法
素材导背
一、首段核心表达
be located in 位于……
cover an area of 占地面积……
with a history of 有……的历史
be famous for 因……出名
be traced far back to 可追溯至……
be recorded as 被记为……
have a population of 有……人口
It enjoys...climate.气候是……的。
It stretches...它延伸……距离。
二、正文核心表达
first and foremost 最重要的是
prominent feature 突出的特征
create an impression of 给人留下……的印象
in size/length/width/height 在尺寸/长度/宽度/高度方面
in the shape of 呈……的形状
be rich in 富含……
breathtaking 令人惊叹的
be impressed by 被……打动
a variety of 各式各样的
be made up of 由……组成
for example 举个例子
compare...with...把……和……做比较
sb said/wrote/proved that...某人说过/写过/证明……
picturesque scenery 如画般的风景
lead a...life 过一种……的生活
三、尾段核心表达
not only...but also...不仅……而且……
the emphasis on 对……的强调
stand out 脱颖而出
with a...position 占据……地位
have a good reputation 有很好的名声
serve as 充当
attract one's attention 引起某人的注意
lift one's spirits 振奋精神
an ideal place for……的理想胜地
a feast for the eyes 一场视觉盛宴
worth visiting 值得参观的
案例导练
A silent army—Terracotta Army
There is a legend in Chinese ancient capital Xi'an, but it truly exists and has been lasting for thousands of years.That is Terracotta Army, a collection of terracotta sculptures symbolizing the armies of Qin Shi Huang,the first emperor of China.
Around 246 BCE,Qin Shi Huang ordered workers to build the tomb for him.It is a form of funerary (埋葬的) art whose purpose was to protect the emperor in his afterlife (来世) and to keep the same military power and imperial status of him as well as to show the first emperor's glory of uniting China in Warring States Period.
There are four underground pits in Terracotta Army.The first pit is the largest and most impressive among the four pits.6,000 clay warriors, dating from approximately the late third century BCE, were discovered in the first pit which was 1.5 kilometers away from Qin Shi Huang's tomb in 1974 by local farmers who were digging a well in Lintong District, Xi'an,Shaanxi Province.
All the soldiers and horses are life-size, the former about 1.85 meters tall and the latter 1.6 meters in height.The figures vary in height according to their roles, with the tallest being the generals.They wear different clothes painted many colors depending on the position in the army, but most of the color was lost after long years of burial.The sculptures are realistic representations of real-life models, without any exaggeration or change in appearance.All the warriors are different in terms of hairstyles, eyes, eyebrows,noses,lips,ears and beards,showing their individual age,position and personality.
It took 37 years to complete the project.All the soldiers were made in the same method.Firstly, separate parts like heads and legs were made from reddish-brown clay.And then body details and facial expressions were carved by hand.After firing the pieces in a kiln (窑), workers put them together.And finally, different colors were painted on the soldiers based on their social status.
The tomb is a treasury both for the Chinese people and for the whole world.In December 1987, UNESCO selected the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (including Terracotta Army)as a World Cultural Heritage Site.It has enabled people of today to attain a new understanding of the great sculptural arts of over 2,000 years ago, through realistic and vivid representations of an enormous number of warriors,horses and chariots.
一、阅读自测
1.Which of the following was beyond Qin Shi Huang's purpose of building his tomb?
A.Raising his imperial status.
B.Maintaining his military power.
C.Protecting him in his next life.
D.Showing his glory of uniting China.
2.Which is the correct order of making the soldiers according to paragraph 5?
①Carve the body details and facial expressions.
②Fire the pieces in a kiln and put them together.
③Make the separate parts of the soldiers.
④Paint different colors on the soldiers.
A.①③④② B.③①②④ C.②①④③ D.④②①③
3.What makes the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor a World Cultural Heritage Site?
A.Its history.B.Its location.
C.Its high quality.D.Its artistic value.
4.What can we know about Terracotta Army according to the text?
A.All the soldiers are of the same height.
B.All the soldiers are different in appearance.
C.All the soldiers were made by different people.
D.All the soldiers'positions were shown in color,height and weight.
二、语言汲取
（一）介绍地点的核心表达
1.位置
There is a legend in Chinese ancient capital Xi'an...在中国古都西安有一个传奇……
1.5 kilometers away from Qin Shi Huang's tomb 离秦始皇陵1.5千米远
in Lintong District,Xi'an,Shaanxi Province 在陕西省西安市临潼区
2.面积
There are four underground pits in Terracotta Army.兵马俑有四个坑。
The first pit is the largest and most impressive among the four pits.一号坑是四个坑中规模最大和最壮观的。
6,000 clay warriors 6,000位陶制士兵
3.时间
date from approximately the late third century BCE 大约可追溯至公元前3 世纪末
Warring States Period 战国时期
It takes 37 years to...做……花了37年。
have been lasting for thousands of years 已有数千年的历史
4.具体介绍/摹状貌
life-size 真实尺寸的
vary in height 有不同的高度
different clothes painted many colors 涂刷不同颜色的各式衣服
realistic representations of real-life models 现实生活形象的真实反映
different in terms of hairstyles,eyes,eyebrows,noses,lips,ears and beards 发型、眼睛、眉毛、鼻子、嘴唇、耳朵和胡子都不尽相同
realistic and vivid representations of an enormous number of warriors, horses and
chariots 大量士兵、战马和战车的真实又生动的体现
5.意义/评价
show the first emperor's glory of uniting China 展示第一位统一中国的皇帝的功绩
protect the emperor in his afterlife 保护秦始皇的来世生活
keep the same military power and imperial status of him 保持秦始皇与现世相同的军事力量和君王地位
The tomb is a treasury for...对……来说，兵马俑是一份宝藏。
attain a new understanding of the great sculptural arts of over 2,000 years ago 获得一种对两千年前伟大雕刻艺术的全新的理解
（二）精彩表达
1.That is Terracotta Army,a collection of terracotta sculptures symbolizing the armies of Qin Shi Huang,the first emperor of China.那就是兵马俑，象征中国第一位皇帝秦始皇的军队的陶俑雕刻作品集。
本句中的a collection of terracotta sculptures symbolizing the armies of Qin Shi Huang与Terracotta Army 为同位语。使用同位语使句子更简洁紧凑，符合说明文的语言特征。
2.All the soldiers and horses are life-size, the former about 1.85 meters tall and the latter 1.6 meters in height.兵马俑中所有的士兵和战马都是与真人及实物一样大的，前者大约有1.85米高，后者有1.6米高。
本句使用了作比较的说明方法，former和latter使指代对象明确，且避免了句子的重复冗杂。
3.All the warriors are different in terms of hairstyles,eyes,eyebrows,noses,lips,ears and beards, showing their individual age, position and personality.所有士兵的发型、眼睛、眉毛、鼻子、嘴唇、耳朵和胡子都不尽相同，这些展示了他们各自的年龄、地位和性格。
本句使用了非谓语短语showing their individual age, position and personality 作状语，简洁地说明了兵马俑士兵造型的不同。
三、句式仿写
1.苏州古典园林，中国文化遗产的灿烂部分，每年吸引着许多来自海内外的游客。
The classical gardens of Suzhou, _______________________, attract many visitors from home and abroad every year.
2.地球和火星有很多不同。前者有大气和液态水，而后者没有。
There are many differences between Earth and Mars.______________________has the atmosphere and liquid water,while _______________________does not.
3.他的朋友动身去了一个不同的城市，留给他很多钱。
His friend set out for a different city, _______________________（leave）him a lot of money.
四、写作实践
假定你是李华，你的外国网友Tom 来信向你询问苏州古典园林的相关信息，请你根据以下要点写一封回信。内容包括：
1.苏州古典园林的历史；
2.苏州古典园林的特点；
3.邀请Tom参观苏州古典园林。
注意：
1.词数80左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.至少需要使用两个前文解析过的句式。
Classical gardens of Suzhou
Dear Tom,
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
评价导思
A self-assessment checklist for my expository reading
1.阅读本文前，我认真了解了事物介绍类说明文的文体知识。
□Yes □No
2.在阅读过程中，我会借助彩色笔对文本中的关键部分做标注。
□Yes □No
3.在阅读过程中，我会用“三读”方法梳理文章。
□Yes □No
4.读完这篇文章后，我会尝试着对熟悉的事物进行介绍和说明。
□Yes □No
5.读完这篇文章后，我会花费__________读完一篇大约350词的事物介绍类说明文。
□9分钟 □11 分钟 □13 分钟 □其他
6.为了阅读更多的事物介绍类说明文，我需要__________。
□加倍努力 □持之以恒 □培养良好的思维品质 □掌握高效的读写策略
7.在接下来的时间里，我会读一本叫作____ 的以事物介绍为主的英文杂志或图书。
________________________________________________________
