N6-甲基腺苷结合蛋白YTHDC2在肿瘤中的研究进展*
2023-11-15姜涛李卫海何作顺谷仕艳
姜涛, 李卫海, 何作顺, 谷仕艳
6-甲基腺苷结合蛋白YTHDC2在肿瘤中的研究进展*
姜涛, 李卫海, 何作顺, 谷仕艳△
(大理大学公共卫生学院,云南 大理 671000)
含YTH结构域蛋白2;6-甲基腺苷;肿瘤;生物学功能
6-甲基腺苷(6-methyladenosine, m6A)是真核生物RNA上最常见的可逆甲基化修饰,可影响相应RNA的加工和降解过程,进而调控细胞的生长、发育、分化和死亡等多种病理生理过程[1]。研究已明确,m6A修饰是由甲基转移酶、去甲基转移酶和甲基结合蛋白(又称“redear”)共同调控的可逆修饰,其中甲基结合蛋白是m6A修饰发挥生物学功能最重要的介导者[2]。当前鉴定出的m6A结合蛋白种类较多,主要有YTH结构域家族蛋白(YTH domain family protein, YTHDF)如YTHDF1、YTHDF2、YTHDF3等,含YTH结构域蛋白(YTH domain containing protein, YTHDC)如YTHDC1和YTHDC2等[3],其中,YTHDC2的生物学功能被研究较多也较为明确。YTHDC2能通过识别长链非编码RNA含锌带结构域蛋白1反义RNA 1(zinc ribbon domain-containing 1 antisense RNA 1, ZNRD1-AS1)上的m6A修饰,增强ZNRD1-AS1的稳定性,提升ZNRD1-AS1水平,从而抑制肺癌的恶性表型[4];YTHDC2识别Yes相关蛋白(Yes-associated protein, YAP)mRNA 5'-非翻译区(untranslated region, UTR)上的m6A修饰,提高YAP mRNA的翻译效率进而促进胃癌的恶性表型[5];YTHDC2也能识别细丝蛋白A(filamin A, FLNA)mRNA上的m6A修饰,削弱FLNAmRNA的稳定性,进而下调FLNA蛋白表达[6]。近年,由于YTHDC2对RNA的上述调控机制,在肿瘤中的作用备受瞩目,故本文对YTHDC2在多种肿瘤中的作用和机制进行总结归纳,并深入阐释YTHDC2在m6A修饰介导下参与肿瘤发生发展的机制,为YTHDC2作为肿瘤防治靶点提供参考依据。
1 YTHDC2在呼吸系统肿瘤中的作用
作为癌症死因之首的肿瘤,肺癌又以非小细胞癌的比例最高,可分为肺腺癌和肺鳞状细胞癌[7-8]。据报导,是肺癌发生的抑癌基因,即在肺癌组织中,基因低表达基因过表达可有效抑制肺癌的恶性表型,且YTHDC2蛋白含量的高低与肺癌患者良好的预后呈正相关[7, 9]。Wang等[4]通过体内和体外实验发现肺癌细胞中ZNRD1-AS1上存在5个m6A修饰的位点,而YTHDC2可以识别ZNRD1-AS1上的m6A修饰并对其产生正向调控作用,可以增强ZNRD1-AS1的稳定性而减少降解,进而抑制下游靶基因微小RNA-942蛋白的表达,抑制肺癌的恶性表型。另一项研究使用在线预测工具基于序列的RNA腺苷甲基化位点预测器,在肿瘤抑制因子CYLD (cylindromatosis protein)的mRNA上发现4个m6A甲基化修饰位点,研究者接着采用RNA甲基化免疫共沉淀技术结合甲基化抑制剂3-脱氮腺苷和脂肪量及肥胖相关蛋白(fat mass and obesity-associated protein, FTO)抑制剂富马酸进一步证实YTHDC2可以识别并结合肿瘤抑制因子CYLD mRNA上的m6A修饰,增强CYLD mRNA的稳定性,上调CYLD蛋白表达水平,进而抑制核因子NF-κB介导的信号通路,最终抑制肺癌的增殖和迁移[9]。Ma等[10]指出,在肺腺癌中YTHDC2可识别并结合溶质载体家族7成员11(solute carrier family 7 member 11, SLC7A11)3'-UTR上的m6A修饰,破坏SLC7A11 mRNA的稳定性,加速SLC7A11 mRNA衰变,进而下调SLC7A11蛋白的表达水平,削弱了肺腺癌细胞对胱氨酸的摄取,引起细胞氧化损伤,最终抑制肺腺癌的发生发展。此外,有学者指出,YTHDC2可以识别肺腺癌细胞中同源框A13(homeobox A13, HOXA13)的3'-UTR上m6A修饰位点,破坏HOXA13的稳定性,抑制HOXA13的表达,下游靶基因的表达水平也受到抑制,进而引起铁死亡,抑制肺腺癌的发生发展[11]。翟东凤等[12]指出,YTHDC2可以识别LIM结构域结合蛋白2(LIM domain binding 2, LDB2)上的m6A修饰,从而正向调控LDB2的表达,抑制肺腺癌细胞的增殖和侵袭。Zhu等[13]的研究则表明,YTHDC2在N分期和病理分期高的肺腺癌患者的肿瘤组织中表达较低;此外,YTHDC2的表达水平与RNA结合蛋白15和甲基转移酶样4呈正相关而与AlkB同源蛋白5呈负相关。Wang等[9]使用LinkedOmics在线工具进一步分析发现与YTHDC2相关的基因主要富集在“RNA转运”、“mTOR信号通路”、“细胞周期”和“RNA降解”方面,而肺鳞状细胞癌中的YTHDC2相关基因在“RNA转运”和“RNA降解”方面显著富集。
与在肺癌中的抑癌作用相反,YTHDC2在鼻咽癌中则能促进其恶性表型,具体而言,YTHDC2可以与胰岛素样生长因子1受体(insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, IGF-1R)的mRNA相结合,促进IGF-1R mRNA的翻译,增强IGF-1R蛋白的表达水平,激活下游磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/S6信号通路,促进鼻咽癌的发生发展;但有趣的是,当低表达YTHDC2时,IGF-1R mRNA的转录和稳定性并没有受到影响,但IGF-1R蛋白表达下降,抑制了下游磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/S6信号通路,进而抑制鼻咽癌的恶性表型;此外,研究者进一步使用DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂5-氮杂胞苷和吉西他滨分别处理鼻咽癌细胞,发现吉西他滨能显著降低鼻咽癌细胞中YTHDC2的蛋白和mRNA水平,而5-氮杂胞苷则明显升高鼻咽癌细胞中YTHDC2的蛋白和mRNA水平[14]。遗憾的是,以上研究并未检测mRNA上的m6A修饰水平,YTHDC2对相关mRNA的影响是否依赖m6A修饰尚需做进一步的研究和明确。
2 YTHDC2与消化系统肿瘤
胃癌是常见的消化道肿瘤,发病率和死亡率较高,对人类的健康造成严重威胁[15]。Yuan等[5]发现,YTHDC2在人类胃癌组织中是一种高表达的促癌基因,并与不良预后相关,进一步的分析结果表明,YTHDC2可识别YAP mRNA 5'-UTR上的m6A修饰,在不影响mRNA水平的前提下,提高YAP mRNA的翻译效率,促进胃癌的发生发展;反过来,YAP/转录增强关联域蛋白(transcriptional enhanced associate domain, TEAD)直接与启动子上启动843~831区域结合并激活的转录,从而形成YTHDC2和YAP之间的正调控环。在人胃癌细胞SGC7901和MKN45中,非甾体抗炎药布洛芬可以增加P53上的m6A修饰水平以及YTHDF1、YTHDF3和YTHDC2等m6A结合蛋白的水平,进而增强P53的蛋白表达;布洛芬还能抑制p75神经营养因子受体启动子甲基化水平,从而增加p75神经营养因子受体的蛋白表达水平[16]。
在结肠癌中,YTHDC2可以通过增强缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,)基因的翻译效率,进而促进结肠癌的转移和侵袭;具体而言,HIF-1α作为作为结肠癌的启动因子可以通过转录因子Twist相关蛋白1促进上皮-间充质转化从而促进结肠癌的转移和侵袭[17]。YTHDC2在结肠癌中上调并与肿瘤分期呈明显正相关,表明YTHDC2可能是结肠癌患者的诊断标志物[18]。Xu等[19]指出,YTHDC2在结肠腺癌中呈现低表达且男女表达有显著差异;进一步分析表明,YTHDC2的表达水平与临床分期有显著相关性且YTHDC2过表达的患者有更好的预后。两项研究表明,YTHDC2在结直肠癌中低表达并且YTHDC2低表达的患者预后较差[20-21];刘宁等[23]的研究指出,YTHDC2为结直肠癌生存预后的关键调节因子并且为保护因子[22];也有研究表明YTHDC2在直肠癌中低表达且与不良预后成负相关。
食管癌是最具侵袭性的消化道肿瘤,严重危害群众健康[24-25]。既往研究显示,在食管癌中是一种低表达的抑癌基因;具体而言,研究者通过体外实验发现上的单核苷酸多态性rs2416282可抑制YTHDC2的表达而促进食管癌的恶性表型[26]。然而Zhao等[27]的研究与上述结果存在差异,他们指出YTHDC2在食管癌呈现过表达,且YTHDC2的表达水平与食管癌的不良预后呈显著正相关。
研究揭示,YTHDC2蛋白在肝癌中过表达[28-31]:胡宽等[28]表示,YTHDC2的表达水平与临床TNM分期及肿瘤分级密切相关;另一研究表明的2个单核苷酸多态性rs6594732和rs10071816与接受动脉化疗栓塞治疗后的肝癌患者死亡风险增加有很强的正相关[29];此外,Li等[30]和Liu等[31]指出可作为肝细胞癌患者的独立预后预测基因。
以上这些研究明确了YTHDC2在结肠癌、食管癌及肝癌等发生发展中的作用,但均未检测m6A修饰水平,故YTHDC2是否通过介导m6A修饰的生物学功能发挥促癌或抑癌作用还需进一步的探讨。
3 YTHDC2与生殖系统肿瘤
卵巢癌是女性第七大常见癌症,其5年生存率低于45%[32]。王鑫鑫等[6]指出,上存在多个m6A修饰的位点,YTHDC2可以识别并结合这些位点,以m6A修饰依赖的方式下调的表达,从而抑制卵巢癌的恶性表型。该研究还指出,YTHDC2在卵巢癌中呈现低表达并与不良预后呈负相关。相反的是,Zhu等[33]指出,YTHDC2在卵巢癌中高表达并且与不良预后呈正相关。我们猜测,造成上述结果原因可能是YTHDC2在卵巢癌不同组织中分布不同以及与研究者采取的研究方法有关。
前列腺癌作为最常见的男性恶性肿瘤之一,严重威胁男性健康[34]。当前研究显示,YTHDC2在前列腺癌组织中过表达[35-36],并且能促进前列腺癌的恶性表型[36-37]。在具体机制方面,YTHDC2可以正向调控IGF-1R mRNA,激活IGF-1R/蛋白激酶B轴,从而促进前列腺癌的增殖、迁移和侵袭;过表达YTHDC2可以逆转因低表达环状RNA midline-1 (circMID1)对前列腺癌的抑制;此外,YTHDC2的表达受微小RNA-330-3p抑制[37]。
4 YTHDC2与其他肿瘤
有两项研究指出,在头颈部鳞状细胞癌中,YTHDC2过表达的患者有更好的预后[38-39]。其中,Li等[38]指出YTHDC2高表达伴CD4+T细胞高免疫浸润的患者较YTHDC2低表达伴CD4+T细胞低免疫浸润的患者预后更好;而Zhou等[39]指出YTHDC2过表达的患者有更长的总体生存期,并且YTHDC2的高表达与细胞凋亡的激活和泛素介导的蛋白降解密切相关。
此外,有学者指出YTHDC2表达水平的异常与软组织肉瘤的不良预后相关,即在获得RNA结合基元蛋白15和YTHDC2且失去胰岛素样生长因子2 mRNA结合蛋白1的情况下,患者无病生存率较低;YHDC2高表达的患者Janus激酶2致癌特征相关基因表达水平较高[40]。
另有研究指出,YTHDC2的表达水平与脑低级别胶质瘤的预后呈负相关,与皮肤黑色素瘤的预后呈正相关[41]。朱潇鹏等[42]指出YTHDC2与胶质母细胞瘤抑制性基因生长停滞特异性转录本5成负相关。Fanale等[43]指出YTHDC2可能是胰腺癌易感性的潜在分子靶标,也是早期有价值的检测标记。
5 结语及展望
综上所述,YTHDC2作为YTHDC家族成员之一可以依赖或不依赖m6A修饰的方式参与多种肿瘤的发生发展。随着研究的进展,我们对YTHDC2在癌症中的生物学功能以及调控作用有了更深的了解,然而,在不同肿瘤组织中YTHDC2发挥的作用不尽相同,其参与肿瘤发生发展的机制也未被完全阐明。鉴于YTHDC2可影响多种RNA的稳定性和翻译过程,研究YTHDC2在肿瘤发生发展中的作用和机制有非常关键的意义,可为肿瘤诊断和防治靶标的开发利用提供重要参考。
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Progress in role of6-methyladenosine binding protein YTHDC2 in tumors
JIANG Tao, LI Weihai, HE Zuoshun, GU Shiyan△
(,,671000,)
The YTH domain containing 2 (YTHDC2) protein, a methyl-binding protein of6-methyladenosine (m6A), recognizes and binds m6A modifications to mediate the biological functions of m6A modifications. As m6A modifications are widely found on various RNAs, the biological functions of YTHDC2 in combination with distinct kinds of RNAs are also different. Emerging studies have shown that YTHDC2 is involved in the occurrence and development of lung, gastric, ovarian and other carcinomas through binding to m6A modifications. Binding can then yield a pro- or anti-cancer effect, which is significantly associated with the prognosis of various tumors. This paper summarizes the role and specific mechanisms of YTHDC2 in tumors to provide a reference basis for exploring the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of different tumors from the perspective of YTHDC2.
YTH domain containing 2;6-methyladenosine; tumor; biological function
R730.23; R363
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2023.09.020
1000-4718(2023)09-1697-05
2023-01-09
2023-04-18
国家自然科学基金资助项目(No. 82065585; No. 82260631)
Tel: 18887297129; E-mail: ygsy727@163.com
(责任编辑:宋延君,罗森)