英文摘要
2023-11-11
Abstracts
An Analysis of the Securitization of U.S. Relations with China
DING Di
Abstract: National security has always been a core issue of concern to the United States. The U.S. government has increasingly securitized many aspects of the bilateral relationship, including trade links, scientific and technological collaboration, and cultural exchange. The securitization of U.S. relations with China has caused the United States to fall into paradoxes in terms of its identity recognition, policy motivations, and choice of means vis-à-vis China. Excessive securitization has further intensified the zero-sum game between China and the United States, while pan-securitization has led to the proliferation of various new security risks in the international community and worsened the global security environment. The securitization of U.S. relations with China has gradually gone to extremes, shaking the foundation of post-Cold War global strategic stability. China and the United States should fully understand the serious consequences of out-of-control securitization and put Sino-U.S. relations back on a controllable route.
Keywords: U.S.-China competition, securitization, strategic stability, security interaction
The Biden Administration’s High-Technology Export Control Policy Toward China
HAN Zhaoying and LIU Jin
Abstract: High-technology export control stands as a pivotal policy instrument in the United States’ strategy to contain China’s technological advancements. Since assuming office, the Biden administration has introduced new dimensions to U.S. export control policies, featuring precision in controlling specific items, an expanded discretionary authority for the U.S. Department of Commerce, a shift from unilateralism towards a multilateral export control alliance, and an ideological framing of the rationale behind export controls. The Biden administration underscores the decisive importance of high-technology competition, not only due to its inherent innovation-accelerating nature but also as China’s technological ascent poses challenges to U.S. national security and its dominant position in the global industrial chain. While various limiting factors impact the effectiveness of U.S. technological sanctions against China, export controls still exert a certain degree of pressure on the international market for Chinese high-technology enterprises, elevating the risk of disruption within the global industrial chain. In response to the escalating U.S. high-technology export control policy, China should proactively construct a risk-prevention system, adopt asymmetric countermeasures, and leverage its rights to expand international technological cooperation.
Keywords: high-technology, export control, U.S.-China relations, technology competition
From Complementarity to Competition: An Analysis of Sino-U.S. Relationship in African Infrastructure Development
ZHOU Jinyan and ZHOU Yuyuan
Abstract: Infrastructure development is a key area of China-Africa cooperation. Since China proposed the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), some Western countries, which have neglected African infrastructure development for decades, have begun to alter their attitudes and proposed global infrastructure initiatives, such as Build Back Better World (B3W) and Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII). The Western initiatives have been taken as countermeasures against China’s BRI. However, U.S. single-mined focus on strategic competition tends to exaggerate the disparate interests and dueling narratives between ;China and the United States regarding African infrastructure development. While Beijing focuses on African hard infrastructure construction, Washington values such soft sides as rule-making. The “different but complementary” relationship has been recognized and affirmed by both sides during the period when the United States adopted engagement and integration strategy toward China. Since Washington identified China as a strategic competitor, infrastructure has been regarded as a tool for great power rivalry. In fact, China takes African infrastructure as a development issue and strives to meet the needs of African countries. The two powers should joint hands to promote infrastructure development in Africa.
Keywords: China, the United States, Africa, infrastructure, complementarity, competition
The “Justice Deficit” of the International Order and China’s Plan
YOU Qiming
Abstract: A resurgent China emphasizes the need to promote the development of the existing international order in a more just and reasonable direction. Justice involves two core issues: equal treatment and fair distribution, including two main types: consequential justice and procedural justice, which provide important legitimacy support for the stable operation of the international order. Although the existing international order has made progress in both dimensions, it still has a “consequential justice deficit” and “procedural justice deficit.” China has its own “view of justice” in the international order, which mainly emphasizes the cornerstone role of national sovereignty, attaches great importance to upholding the central status of the United Nations by adhering to the real multilateralism, leans toward the "common but differentiated" principle for distribution, and build a "community with a shared future for mankind." To promote the reform of the existing international order in a more just and reasonable direction, China should realize Chinese-style modernization, adhere to the guideline of action of consultation, co-construction, inclusiveness and sharing, and creatively disseminate China’s “international order narrative.”
Keywords: international order, international justice, justice deficit, Chinese concept of justice, The community with a shared future for mankind
Euroscepticism in Central and Eastern Europe and the Future of European Integration
WANG Hongyi
Abstract: This paper selects seven political parties with Euroscepticism tendency in the post-2015 ruling parties or ruling coalitions in the CEE region as case studies, and proposes a theoretical framework centered on economic Euroscepticism, cultural Euroscepticism, and sovereignty Euroscepticism. Under this framework, Euroscepticism in the CEE region can be classified into three types: a multiple hybrid model based on "culture-economy-sovereignty," a dual hybrid model based on "culture-sovereignty," and the single model of cultural Euroscepticism. Among them, cultural Euroscepticism is a common feature Euro-sceptic political parties in Central and Eastern Europe, and this feature is all closely related to the traditional Christian culture. Overall, CEE Eurosceptic parties’ complaints and criticism toward EU policies fully expose the rift between Eastern and Western Europe in terms of historical memory and values, which constrains the future development of the EU in terms of integration in the sociocultural and political spheres.
Keywords: Central and Eastern Europe, Euroscepticism, EU, European integration
The Perceptions and Realities of Political and Social Preferences among Russian Youth
ZHANG Huimin
Abstract: Against the backdrop of global geopolitical turbulence and continual adjustments in Russia’s domestic policies, the perspectives of Russian young individuals on social and political developments warrant attention. This article categorizes Russian youth by generations and employs data gathered by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center from 58 consecutive monthly polls conducted since July 2018 to examine the distinctive features of Russian youth concerning political and social preferences. The study reveals that generational disparities in the evaluation of the federal presidency and foreign policy in Russian society have become more pronounced since 2020. The youngest “stable generation” in present-day Russian society tends to exhibit a balanced approach to federal and local public affairs. In general, young Russian adults do not emerge as the most critically-minded group in Russian society. The “stable generation” maintains a more moderate stance toward economic and social affairs compared to the older “reform generation” and “millennials.” The political and social preferences of the Russian populace are more shaped by the societal changes they have undergone than by their life stage. The foundational perspectives on public affairs from previous generations of Russians persist within the youth demographic.
Keywords: Russian youth, political preferences, social attitudes, intergenerational differences
The United States’ Blue Pacific Partnership: Motivations, Characteristics, and Impacts
ZHOU Shixin
Abstract: Introduced by the Pacific Island Forum in 2017, the concept of the “Blue Pacific” underscores regional identity and national strategic autonomy. In June 2022, the United States, in collaboration with four allies, established the Blue Pacific Partnership, despite the absence of a true Pacific island country. Consequently, the United States initiated the Pacific Partnership to strengthen its ties with Pacific island nations. Presently, the United States perceives a significant rise in the importance of the Pacific region within its global geopolitical strategy. To assert regional dominance, the United States has allocated increased resources, garnered support from allied nations, and sought to enhance connections with Pacific island countries. This dynamic has become a crucial variable influencing the situation in the Pacific region. While Pacific island countries maintain close collaboration with the United States and its allies, they are reluctant to be drawn into the geopolitical competition among major powers. Looking ahead, the United States anticipates unconditional cooperation from Pacific island countries, but the ability to uphold regional security and development remains uncertain due to challenges faced by the United States and its allies in fulfilling commitments. The competitive nature of the Blue Pacific Partnership may impact China’s relationships with regional countries. Therefore, China should continue constructive engagement with Pacific island nations, fostering a positive regional environment.
Keywords: Blue Pacific Partnership, Pacific Partnership, Indo-Pacific strategy, Pacific Island Forum
Transformation and Adjustment: New Zealand’s “Pacific Reset” Policy
TANG Jie
Abstract: Against the backdrop of intensified climate change and geopolitical games, Pacific island countries have transitioned from being relatively unnoticed to becoming a focal point of international attention. Simultaneously, the regional influence of New Zealand has experienced a degree of weakening due to the enhanced strategic autonomy of Pacific Island countries. In March 2018, the New Zealand Labour coalition government introduced the “Pacific Reset” policy, built upon the principles of friendship, understanding, reciprocity, collective ambition, and sustainability. The objective is to establish a stable, prosperous, and resilient Pacific, restoring the roles of regional leaders and partners. To actualize the “Pacific Reset” policy, the New Zealand government has continuously bolstered political and diplomatic connections, increased military and security investments, broadened economic and cultural influence, and deepened efforts in climate and other forms of social governance. However, New Zealand still needs to navigate challenges related to reconciling divergent interests, maintaining long-term strategic stability, and avoiding geopolitical games to enhance the efficacy of the “Pacific Reset” policy. In the context of China-New Zealand relations, both nations must work to sidestep the pitfalls of geopolitical maneuvering. Leveraging the “Blue Pacific 2050 Strategy” as an opportunity, they should establish cooperative mechanisms through bilateral and multilateral platforms in a pragmatic manner, grounded in mutual respect and a commitment to mutual benefit. Overcoming external interference remains crucial for advancing the development of bilateral relations.
Keywords: New Zealand, “Pacific Reset” policy, Pacific region, China-New Zealand relations