巧解高中英语阅读理解主旨大意题的方法

黄贝贝

主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解能力以及概括能力。一般是针对某一语段或某一语篇的标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等，要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结。题目语言一般简洁、凝练，其干扰项的设置往往比较有迷惑性，属于高层次的阅读理解题。下面是近3年全国高考主旨大意题题量统计：

一、技巧点拨

标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。文章标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能涵盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。学生在解答主旨大意题时，要搞清楚是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来进行综合归纳。如有标题，标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

二、典题例析

例1.（温州市2023届高三第一次适应性考试） The review points to disappearing and degraded habitat—resulting from climate change， urbanization， agricultural intensification， and international trade—as the leading driver of bird declines worldwide. In a note of hope， the authors cite a 2020 study indicating that restoring just 5% of habitat in priority areas around the world could avert 60% of likely extinctions.

Lead author Alexander Lees， a research associate at the Cormell Lab， also points to the need for substantial changes in human behavior to prevent further losses. “Loss and degradation of habitat is often driven by demand for resources，” says Lees. “We need to better consider how commodity flows such as beef， oil， and seed crops can contribute to biodiversity loss and try to reduce the human footprint on the natural world.”

31.What is the last paragraph mainly about？

A. Extra reasons for bird extinction.

B. Possible solutions to habitat loss.

C. Substantial changes in human behavior.

D. The prospect of biodiversity loss.

【解析】B。主旨大意题。该题询问的是尾段的大意，属于段落主旨大意题，考生应当认真阅读尾段，而不能受思维定势影响概括全文大意。由尾段关键词try to reduce the human footprint可知，最后一段主要讲的是栖息地丧失的可能解决办法。

例2.（江苏省镇江市2022-2023学年高三上学期期中调研考试） I started playing the piano when I was around four years old—that was 15 years ago！—and since then， the longest I havent touched piano keys was probably two months. This was an enormous amount of devotion to something that I wasnt even planning to make money off of it—so there must have been something worth holding on to， right？

…

The love and hate Ive had for the piano were both planted and grown. If you too have learned to hate something you once loved—or something you never chose—remember that with dedication， it can be uprooted， and love can make a home in its place. There is always time. There is always room.

31.What is the best title for the text？

A. Practice makes perfect

B. Love cannot be forced

C. Love is a thing that grows

D. There is no end to learning

【解析】C。主旨大意题。文章全篇，特别是尾段中，反复出現的关键词是“love”，结合尾段中的“it can be uprooted， and love can make a home in its place”可知，本文主要通过自己学习乐器的经历说明热爱是能够培养的。C项符合本文标题的特点：短小精悍，涵盖性强，概括精确。故C项正确。

总之，解答阅读理解主旨大意题时，需要同学们在阅读文本时抓住文章的主题句和关键词，并熟练掌握标题的特征和概括技巧，在明确题干设问的基础上综合判断，便能正确答题。