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基于单元主题的在线语法教学实践研究

2023-05-10应晓霞姜雪芹

教育·教学科研 2023年2期
关键词:上台分词所学

应晓霞 姜雪芹

一、問题的提出

1.语言知识是英语学科核心素养的六要素之一,语法则是语言知识的重要组成部分。得体、准确地使用语法是中学语法教学的重点和难点。程晓堂(2013)认为,语法不是用来判断语言学习正确与否的规则,而是用来表达各种意义的语言资料。LarsenFreeman(2005)认为,从语篇角度看待语法的作用比从句子层面看更完整、更清晰。教育部明确要求:学会在语境中理解和运用新的语法知识(《课程标准》2017)。语法教学应在单元主题引领下,基于语篇,帮助学生获取、梳理、实践、操练、整合语言知识和文化知识,创造性地运用语言知识表达思想。这给现行以讲解为主,机械操练,效率低下的语法教学提出了巨大的挑战。

2.新冠肺炎疫情迫使很多地区进行长期线上教学。很多老师感叹:网课对学生的监管是鞭长莫及啊!该如何增加在线教学的互动性,增加学生的学习参与率和参与度,改进教学成效反馈与补漏呢?

带着这两个问题,我们利用ClassIn平台工具,做了些有益探索。下面以高一英语上外版必修三unit 1 Grammar in use分词为例。

二、案例背景

授课对象为英语水平居上海市中等的高一学生。单元主题是上外版必修三“人与社会”主题下的成功之路。Reading A描绘了苹果之父乔布斯亲身经历的故事,旨在照亮学生的人生路。Reading B讲述了屠呦呦艰难的抗疟疾之路,让学生体会成功之路的“非同寻常”。本单元的语法是分词做宾补。在前两个单元的学习中,学生已学过分词做定语和状语,做宾补的用法虽是本单元新知识,但在语篇中已多次接触,较易理解。相反,对前单元的语法——分词做定语和状语理解不透彻,对总体结构框架不清晰,掌握不到位。二语习得理论认为,语言学习效果和输入频率紧密相关,频率是语言习得的关键因素之一(Ellis,2002,转引自孙韬,2016)。因此,本课聚焦分词,但没有聚焦分词做宾补,而是在学生理解和初步运用分词做宾补后,设计练习,搭建支架,让学生在实践中反复操练分词做定语、状语和补语,以期循环反复,螺旋式上升,最终能在真实语境中自如恰当地迁移新知识,培养英语学科的核心素养。

三、教学设计

(一)教学目标

1.通过理解Reading A及Steve Jobs斯坦福毕业典礼演讲完整视频,能识别、理解和运用分词做补语。

2.通过阅读扎克伯格斯坦福毕业典礼演讲稿,能在语篇中理解、感悟和运用分词做宾补、状语和定语。

3.通过线上当堂检测,即刻反馈功能,加深理解,正确使用分词做宾补、状语和定语。

4.通过描述日常生活画面和用分词改写日记,尝试口头、笔头创造性地运用分词。

5.通过学习Jobs的演讲和补充视频、扎克伯格的演讲、屠呦呦的获奖文章,感悟成功之路,提升思维品质,培养核心素养。

(二)教学环节

1.导入语法

活动一感受Reading A Jobs心路历程,并用?ing或-ed形式完成句子。

(1)Jobs felt himself ___________ when giving the speech.

(2)Jobs must have been upset when he heard himself______by Apple at the age of 30.

(3)The whole family were in deep sorrow when they found Jobs __________with cancer.

(4)Steve Jobs told us three stories to make himself_______.

Key:1. honored 2. fired3. diagnosed 4. understood

目的:围绕单元主题,创设情境,在语境中理解、体会、领悟分词的含义和用法。

活动二讨论分词在语境中的具体运用;探究什么情况用?ing;什么情况用?ed。

工具:抢答器;聊天互动,自动上台,举手上台,点击头像上台等功能。

目的:在语境中观察、体验、发现、理解分词用法的八字口诀——?ing表示主动、进行;?ed表示被动、完成。

2.解析操练

活动一体会Jobs视频演讲精神;用分词完成根据视频内容挖掘的句子。

(1)Being unable to support the baby,Job?s biological mother had to had her baby boy ________(adopt)by someone who could afford him to college.(adopted)

(2)Finding the calligraphy ___________(fascinate),Steve Jobs devoted lots of time to it after he dropped from Reed college.(fascinating)

(3)The only thing that kept Jobs _______(go)was that he loved what he did.(going)

(4)With the surgery_____________(do),Jobs could return to his work happily.(done)

工具:小黑板(可纵览全班答题进度,也可洞察个别学生详情);自动上台,举手上台;视频墙。

目的:①围绕主题,拓展挖掘,创设情境,操练所学语法;②利用当堂反馈,洞察学情,对症下药;③汲取榜样力量,培养思维品质。

活动二阅读扎克伯格哈佛大学演讲,用所给动词的适当形式填空(The following passage is excerpted from Mark Zuckerberg?s 2017 Harvard University commencement speech.)

I1(honor)to be with you today,because let?s face it,you accomplished something I never could. If I get through this speech,it?ll be the first time I actually finish something at Harvard.

Today I want to talk about purpose. One of my favorite stories is when John F. Kennedy visited the NASA space center,he saw a guard2(carry)a broom and he walked over and asked what he was doing . The guard responded:“Mr. President,I?m helping to put a man on the moon.”

Purpose is that sense that we are part of something bigger than ourselves,that we are needed,that we have something better ahead to work for. Purpose is what creates true happiness.

To keep our society3(move)forward,we have a generational challenge—to not only create new jobs,but create a4(renew)sense of purpose. Now it?s our turn to do great things. I know,you?re probably thinking:I don?t know how to build a dam,or get a million people5(involve)in anything.

But let me tell you a secret:no one does when they begin. Ideas don?t come out fully6(form). They only become clear as you work on them. You just have to get started.

Key:1.amhonored 2.carrying3.moving 4.renewed 5. Involved 6. formed

工具:線上分组讨论,小组合作(教师可进入组内巡查,也可旁听、指导);授权组长主持,组内黑板记录;奖杯奖励积极参与团队、表现优异者。

目的:①创设语境,搭建支架,使语法学习“在用中学”“在学中用”;②培养思维品质,潜移默化育人。

3.巩固提升

活动一3~5分钟完成线上10道分词测试题。(谓语动词和非谓语动词的判断,?ing&ed做定语、状语和宾补)。

(1)_____(put)your heart in whatever you do,and you will achieve your life goal in future.(Put)

(2)When ______(see)from the west bank of the river,the building looks so tall and grand.(Seen)

(3)But ________(disappoint)Scott found that Roald Amundsen had beaten him by one month.(disappointed)

(4)With the years __________(pass),his hair be? came gray.(passing)

工具:测试(即刻反馈班级得分率和个体学生错误详情)、视频墙、奖杯。

目的:引导学生关注细微之处的差异,帮助学生深化对分词的理解和准确运用。教学实践证明,将基于篇章层面和单句层次的任务相结合,能使学生在巩固操练中更深刻领悟非谓语动词的用法,再辅之以实际运用,能更好促进学生内化规律,牢固掌握所学语法。

活动二释疑典型错题,聚焦疑点难点。引导学生探究归纳,澄清困惑,总结规律。

工具:授权“小老师“(授权后可行使老师功能);答题器(可统计全班答题正确率,明察个体答题详情);抢答器、轮播上台、举手上台、奖杯奖励。

目的:①对施教者,“教是最好的学习”,对受教者,更会倾听同伴讲解;②引导学生对比,探究如何在具体情境中准确判断主被动。

数据反馈第三题有问题。因为找不准判断主被动的依据——其逻辑主语the building。引导学生比较,探究,发现并总结辨别主被动关系的规律:

a.分词做状语——主被动看其逻辑主语;

b.分詞做定语——主被动看所修饰的名词;

c.分词做补语——主被动看宾语。

4.综合运用

活动一妙手用分词:呈现熟悉的生活场景(见图1、图2),尝试活用。第一步呈现3到5个单句。第二步,把单句连成一个带较多分词的长句。

工具:聊天区抢答;线上文本多人协作;自动上台;举手上台;抢答器。

目的:“情境中学,情境中用”,整合所学知识,实践自主表达。

Eg 1单句:The two students are looking at the flag attentively.

The two students are raising the flag. The flag is flying with the wind. They felt proud of our country.

连句:The two students raising the flag are looking at the flag flying with the wind attentively,feeling proud of our country.

Eg2单句:Thegirlstudentgivestheteacheraflower.

The teacher is smiling. The teacher is entering the school gate. The girl student is dressed in school uniform. The flowers showed students?gratitude.

连句:Thegirlstudentdressedinschooluniformgivesthe smiling teacher entering the school gate flowers,showing students?gratitude.

活动二大家说日记:分解一篇日记的六幅图(见图3),运用分词说话或写句。

There is going to be a running test on Monday. It was Sunday today,so Wendy woke up at 7:00 to practice her running skills.

2. Wendy got up quickly,finishing her breakfast within 20 minutes.

3. Arriving at the riverside,she started to practice her running skills.

4. Wendys shoelaces loosened,stopping her from running forward.

5. Having tightened her shoelaces,she continued her practice.

6. Improving her running skills,Wendy felt very satisfied.

工具:抢答器、聊天互动、轮播上台、举手上台。

目的:运用所学语法知识,进行口笔头有效表达,为篇章习作铺垫。

活动三齐心写日记:小组合作,运用分词修改由六幅图连接而成的日记。

June 7 SundaySunny

There is going to be a running test on Monday. It was Sunday today,so I woke up at 7:00,determined to practice my running skills.

I got up quickly,finishing my breakfast within 20 minutes. Arriving at the riverside,I started my practice happily with the mornign breeze refreshing me. At the beginning of the running,it didn?t work very well for me. My shoelaces loosened,stopping me from running forward and almost making me fall. Though discouraged,I still wanted to perform well in the running test. With the shoelace tightened/Having tightened the shoelaces,I continued my practice,prepared for a hard drill. I spent half of the day practicing. I improved my running skills,satisfied./With my skills improved,I had a great sense of satisfication. Feeling the warm sunshine and the gentle breeze,I really enjoyed the progress made through my own efforts.

Working really hard on one thing,we are sure to achieve our goals.

工具:在线小组讨论;教师进入组内指导,巡查,旁听,视频墙。

目的:先易后难,创设情境,创造性地应用分词,进行知识迁移。

(三)作业设计

(1)阅读屠呦呦获奖文章,把画线部分改成用分词来表达。

目的:围绕“成功之路”主题,创设情境,让学生在真实语境中恰当地综合运用分词。潜移默化地渗透德育,培养思维品质。

(2)模仿课堂所学,运用分词,以日记的形式写一篇你印象深刻的体育运动经历。要求:①写出难忘的经历;②困难和解决方式;③运用尽可能多的分词;④你的感受。

工具:ClassIn作业平台;教师打等第,圈画错误和精彩之处,展示分享优秀作业;还可加注口头评语、表情、等第、奖杯等,使线上作业教师评语会“说话”。

目的:综合运用所学知识,培养能力,提升核心素养。

四、教学反馈

实践以来,我们的收获主要有:

1.有效运用当堂反馈,吸住学生的“睛”。答题器、小测验、小黑板的当堂反馈,这些优势是线下教学所不可比拟的。即刻反馈既助力教师当堂对学情“了如指掌”,又让兴奋的学生唯恐落后,全情投入。

2.交互使用多种工具,提住学生的“心”。法宝一:上台设置。设置每生不到4分钟上台一次,每次停留2分钟。法宝二:视频墙。课前师生彼此给“big smile”,挥手道声“hello”,温馨进入课堂。课中,可通过视频墙洞窥学生的一举一动。发现有开小差的学生,点击视频墙下面的小人头像,学生就直接上台。可有效提醒专注度较弱的学生。法宝三:答题器“点名”,小黑板“点名”,奖杯排行榜“点名”(花名册的点名看学生是否“挂”在线上,这三者可以点名学生是否“活跃”)。答题器的功能不仅仅看答题正确与否,还可给参与互动的学生颁奖,也可只给答对的学生颁奖。比如,查阅奖杯排行榜,发现有一名学生整节课没有一个奖杯(有两道题凡是参与的都有奖),说明该生上课不够关注。课后进行适时沟通,交流。结果第二堂课他获得了较多奖杯。小黑板的答题数据可保存,可查看哪些同学“人在心不在”。加之线上课堂讨论、抢答器、多文本协作、计时器、随机选人等功能,大大提高了在线教学的参与率和参与度,还原了一个生机勃勃的线下课堂。

3.围绕单元主题,精选、挖掘、补充含有目标语法知识的篇章,在语境中呈现新语法知识,在语境中解析,操练,运用,创新,迁移。“Learn by communication;learn in communication;learn for communication.”这一模式突出了学生的主體地位,在学习知识的同时,也促进了学生语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力的融合发展。

结束语:语法教学应在单元主题引领下,基于语篇,围绕“形式—意义—用法”,引领学生在语境中观察、理解所学语法知识,在语境中应用实践所学语法知识,逐步加深理解,逐步内化,不断加强准确、恰当地使用所学知识,实现知识的创新和迁移,培养学生的学科核心素养。

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