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粪肠球菌感染小鼠单核巨噬细胞外泌体分泌量及其在人源性肠上皮细胞中的传递情况观察

2022-12-24蔡潇潇鲍欣欣徐纯子李天来王秋红李海波

山东医药 2022年33期
关键词:清液分泌量球菌

蔡潇潇,鲍欣欣,徐纯子,李天来,王秋红,李海波

粪肠球菌感染小鼠单核巨噬细胞外泌体分泌量及其在人源性肠上皮细胞中的传递情况观察

蔡潇潇1,2,鲍欣欣1,徐纯子1,李天来1,王秋红1,2,李海波1,2

1 南通市妇幼保健院检验科,江苏南通 226018;2 南通市妇幼保健院生殖与遗传研究所

观察粪肠球菌OG1RF感染小鼠单核巨噬细胞raw264.7的外泌体分泌量,进一步观察OG1RF感染的raw264.7细胞分泌的外泌体在人源性肠上皮细胞NCM460中的传递情况。取raw264.7细胞分为A、B两组。其中A组加入OG1RF感染1 h,后加入DMEM完全培养基继续培养;B组为对照组,不进行处理。培养24 h时,收集细胞上清液,提取鉴定外泌体,BCA法测算两组外泌体含量,观察外泌体分泌情况。取raw264.7细胞,5×105/孔的密度铺至6孔板过夜后,分为1、2、3组,三组加入OG1RF感染1 h,然后1、2组分别加入DMSO + 10 μmol/L的外泌体抑制剂GW4869、DMSO + 20 μmol/L GW4869,对照组加入同体积DMSO,培养24 h时测算三组上清液外泌体含量,观察外泌体分泌情况。取A组提纯后外泌体,加入4 μmol/L的PKH67标记,将标记后外泌体与人源性肠上皮细胞NCM460细胞共同培养3 h,电镜下观察NCM460细胞中的外泌体情况,观察外泌体在NCM460细胞中的传递情况。培养24 h时,A、B组细胞上清液外泌体含量分别为(0.783 ± 0.07)、(0.123 ± 0.056)μg,二者比较,<0.05;1、2、3组细胞上清液外泌体含量分别为(0.592 ± 0.06)、(0.488 ± 0.09)、(0.778 ± 0.07)μg,与3组比较,1、2组细胞上清液外泌体含量低(均<0.05);与1组比较,2组细胞上清液外泌体含量低(<0.05)。OG1RF感染raw264.7细胞后分泌的外泌体可进入NCM460细胞质中。OG1RF感染可促进raw264.7细胞外泌体的分泌,该作用可被GW4869抑制。OG1RF感染后raw264.7细胞分泌的外泌体可进入NCM460细胞中。

外泌体;巨噬细胞外泌体;粪肠球菌感染;结肠癌;直肠癌;细胞实验

结直肠癌(Colorectal cancer, CRC)是一种胃肠道恶性肿瘤,发病率和病死率分别居恶性肿瘤中的第3、2位[1]。在中国,结直肠癌是发病率上升最快的恶性肿瘤之一[2]。结直肠癌的病因目前尚未完全明确。研究[3]发现,粪肠球菌和大肠杆菌引起的慢性炎症是结直肠癌发病的主要风险因素之一。粪肠球菌可定植在结肠黏膜固有层巨噬细胞中,通过旁观者效应诱导相邻肠道上皮细胞癌变,最终导致结直肠癌的发生发展[4-5]。OG1RF是临床常用的实验用粪肠球菌。研究[6-9]表明,肿瘤相关巨噬细胞( tumor associated macrophages, TAMs)可以通过外泌体途径,转运microRNA、蛋白等内容物至周围癌细胞中,影响癌细胞的生长。粪肠球菌感染结直肠粘膜固有层巨噬细胞后,是否通过分泌外泌体的形式诱导相邻肠道上皮细胞癌变,最终导致结直肠癌的发生发展,目前尚不明确。为此,我们观察了OG1RF感染对结肠黏膜巨噬细胞外泌体分泌的影响,现报告如下。

1 材料与方法

1.1细胞培养及粪肠球菌扩增方法小鼠单核巨噬细胞系raw264.7和人源性肠上皮细胞(NCM460)均由南通市妇幼保健院生殖与遗传研究所保存并提供。raw264.7和NCM460细胞分别在DMEM 培养基和RPMI 1640培养基(美国HyClone)中培养,均补充10%胎牛血清(美国Gibco)和1%青霉素/链霉素(HyClone)。细胞于37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中培养。OG1RF由南通市妇幼保健院生殖与遗传研究所保存并提供,取一环OG1RF加入40 mL营养肉汤(BHI)内,在摇床内37 ℃,55 rpm过夜,5 000 r/min离心10 min后弃上清,重复2次,5 mL PBS重悬后备用。

1.2OG1RF感染对raw264.7细胞外泌体分泌的影响观察

1.2.1OG1RF感染的raw264.7细胞外泌体分泌量观察

1.2.1.1raw264.7细胞分组及OG1RF感染方法取raw264.7细胞,5×105/孔的密度铺至6孔板过夜后,分为A、B两组,每组3孔。其中A组为感染组,以感染复数(MOI=500)的OG1RF感染raw264.7细胞1 h(该阶段使用无双抗的DMEM非完全培养基),PBS洗涤4次后,加入DMEM完全培养基继续培养。B组3孔为对照组,不进行处理。继续培养24 h。

1.2.1.2两组细胞外泌体分泌情况观察当细胞生长密度达到90%时,收集细胞上清液体,4 ℃下2 000 g离心30 min去除细胞碎片,取1 mL上清液置入干净EP管,加入500 μL外泌体提取试剂,通过涡流将培养基/试剂混合均匀,4 ℃冰箱过夜;4 ℃下10 000 g离心10 min,弃上清,加入25 μL PBS液溶解获得外泌体,-80 ℃保存。用PBS重悬提取外泌体,将溶液滴在网格直径2 nm的碳包铜网格上,静置2 min,除去多余液体,用滤纸将网格沥干,用磷钨酸负染一滴装入网格,5 min后在室温下烘干网格,JEOL JEM-1010透射电子显微镜下观察外泌体。采用含有苯甲磺酰氟的免疫沉淀缓冲液从外泌体中提取蛋白质,观察CD63、CD81蛋白表达,鉴定外泌体。采用BCA法测算外泌体蛋白,重复测量3次,取平均值。

1.2.2GW4869对OG1RF感染raw264.7细胞外泌体分泌的影响观察

1.2.2.1raw264.7细胞分组及GW4869、OG1RF干预方法取raw264.7细胞,5×105/孔的密度铺至6孔板过夜后,分为1、2、3组,每组3孔。三组均以感染复数(MOI=500)的OG1RF感染raw264.7细胞1 h(该阶段使用无双抗的DMEM非完全培养基),然后1、2组分别加入DMSO + 10 μmol/L GW4869、DMSO + 20 μmol/L GW4869,对照组加入同体积DMSO,每组加入含1%双抗DMEM培养基(不含血清)培养24 h。

1.2.2.2各组细胞外泌体分泌情况观察收集细胞上清液,采用BCA法测算各组外泌体蛋白,方法同“1.2.1.2”,重复测量3次,取平均值。

1.3OG1RF感染raw264.7细胞后分泌的外泌体在NCM460细胞中的传递情况观察取“1.2.1.1”中A组提纯后的外泌体,与4 μmol/L的PKH67一起孵育,并使用100-kDa过滤器去除多余染料。将标记后外泌体与NCM460细胞共培养3 h。然后根据说明书用4',6-二脒基-2-苯吲哚(DAPI)标记这些细胞核。电镜下蓝色DAPI染料定位细胞核,绿色PKH67染料定位外泌体,观察NCM460细胞中外泌体的分布情况。

2 结果

2.1OG1RF感染raw264.7细胞的外泌体分泌量A组细胞上清液中提取外泌体在透射电镜下呈圆盘样,外有膜状结构包被,直径50~150 nm,外泌体中表达CD63、CD81。培养24 h时A、B组细胞上清液外泌体含量分别为(0.783 ± 0.070)、(0.123 ± 0.056)μg,二者比较,<0.05。

1、2、3组细胞上清液外泌体含量分别为(0.592 ± 0.06)、(0.488 ± 0.09)、(0.778 ± 0.07)μg。与3组比较,1、2组细胞上清液外泌体含量低(<0.05);与1组比较,2组细胞上清液外泌体含量低(<0.05)。

2.2OG1RF感染raw264.7细胞后分泌的外泌体在NCM460细胞中的传递情况NCM460细胞质中存在PKH67阳性标记的外泌体。

3 讨论

世界范围内结直肠癌发病率为4%~5%[10]。接受治疗后结直肠癌患者的病死率约为45%[11]。年龄、慢性病史和不良生活方式等因素是结直肠癌发病的危险因素。肠道微生物群失调可引起慢性炎症,从而诱导结直肠癌的发生发展。研究[12]表明,结直肠癌组织中大肠杆菌菌株水平明显增加,可能与肿瘤的发病有关,大肠杆菌产生的细菌素具有促肿瘤特性,可引起DNA双链断裂和染色体不稳定,导致更高的恶性转化风险[13]。粪肠球菌通过产生遗传毒性过氧化物[14]及其对细胞周期行为和多倍体沉淀的影响[15]直接介导癌症过程。我们前期研究[16-17]证实,粪肠球菌可定植在结肠粘膜固有层的巨噬细胞,诱导巨噬细胞NF-kB信号通路和COX-2的表达并释放炎症性细胞因子和内源性诱变剂,导致相邻的肠道上皮细胞发生DNA损伤、基因突变、染色体不稳定性、以及致瘤性转化,从而形成结直肠癌。我们将粪肠球菌的这种作用称为微生物诱导的旁观者效应。

巨噬细胞可通过释放的外泌体,将其内容物转运至肝癌、胃癌、乳腺癌细胞等肿瘤细胞[18-20],调节靶基因的表达进而影响受体细胞相关蛋白的合成,这种作用可对机体生物功能产生影响,进而影响疾病的进程。至于巨噬细胞释放的外泌体在结直肠癌发生过程中的作用相关报道较少。大肠杆菌可刺激脑微血管内皮细胞分泌外泌体,活化星形胶质细胞,使之显著上调表达一系列炎症因子和趋化因子,如促进星形胶质细胞的CXCL3、IL8显著上调表达,还可通过磷酸化Erk1/2信号通路上调VEGFA的表达[21],但外泌体在介导肠道微生物诱导的旁观者效应中的作用目前尚无研究。本研究发现,在无外界刺激情况下raw264.7细胞可分泌少量外泌体,OG1RF感染后,raw264.7细胞外泌体分泌量明显增大,由此推测OG1RF感染后巨噬细胞来源的外泌体可能参与了结直肠癌微生物诱导的旁观者效应。

GW4869是一种外泌体抑制剂,可抑制细胞外泌体的分泌。但在不同细胞中,GW4869的抑制作用均不同,可在某些阶段抑制外泌体内容物的分泌,但对细胞不具有普适性。KOBINA等[22]发现,GW4869抑制巨噬细胞通过外泌体释放TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等促炎因子,有助于败血症中心功能障碍的治疗。KOSAKA等[23]等研究发现,GW4869抑制HEK293细胞分泌多种外泌体microRNAs。JIANG等[24]研究发现,GW4869抑制上皮间质细胞外泌体分泌(总蛋白的量),导致小鼠牙器官发育不全。M2型巨噬细胞培养上清中提取的外泌体按不同浓度梯度与骨髓间充质干细胞共培养后,骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化效应与M2型巨噬细胞来源外泌体的质量浓度和作用时间相关[25],这表明外泌体的浓度和作用时间对周围细胞生物活性的影响不同。本研究中,我们用不同浓度的GW4869处理感染后的raw264.7细胞,发现随着GW4869的处理浓度越高,外泌体分泌量越少,即GW4869可抑制raw264.7巨噬细胞中外泌体的分泌。后续我们可以通过控制GW4869的处理浓度调节raw264.7细胞外泌体的分泌,以便于观察不同水平的外泌体对NCM460细胞表观遗传等生物活性改变的影响。

在恶性实体瘤中,TAMs的形成是由巨噬细胞与癌细胞之间的膜分子直接接触和旁分泌环实现的[26]。外泌体主要是体内多种细胞类型分泌到循环系统中的小囊泡,通过跨膜蛋白直接与靶细胞的信号受体相互作用;或与受体细胞的质膜融合,并将其内含物传递到细胞质中;也可以被近端或远端细胞内化,并且这种内化具有靶向性。本研究中我们采用外泌体示踪方法发现,raw264.7细胞分泌的外泌体融合进入NCM460细胞内,主要分布于细胞质内,该发现提示体内巨噬细胞分泌的外泌体转移到周围正常肠上皮细胞的可能性。当外泌体被受体细胞接收时,细胞的生物特性可以发生改变。这表明巨噬细胞与肠上皮细胞间的通讯中可能由外泌体所介导,为我们进一步研究外泌体在介导肠道微生物诱导的旁观者效应中所起的作用奠定了良好的基础。

然而,本研究仍然存在一些不足之处,由于外泌体的标记方式为细胞外染色,所以巨噬细胞分泌外泌体至临近肠上皮细胞的直观过程难以呈现,只能通过染色的外泌体与肠上皮细胞共同孵育的方式间接证明。另外,外泌体导致肠上皮细胞发生旁观者效应的研究需进一步探索。

综上所述,OG1RF感染raw264.7细胞可促进raw264.7细胞分泌外泌体。GW4869可抑制OG1RF感染raw264.7细胞分泌外泌体,且高浓度GW4869抑制效果较好。OG1RF感染raw264.7细胞分泌的外泌体可以内化进入正常肠上皮细胞内发挥作用。

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To observe the secretion of exosomes in mouse mononuclear macrophage raw264.7 infected by enterococcus faecalis OG1RF, and to further observe the transmission of exosomes secreted by raw264.7 cells in human intestinal epithelial cells NCM460.Raw264.7 cells were divided into groups A and B. The cells in the group A were infected with OG1RF for 1 h and then were cultured with DMEM medium. Group B was the control group and was not treated. After 24 h culture, the supernatant of cells was collected, and exosomes were extracted and identified. The content of exosomes in the two groups was measured by BCA method (to observe the secretion of exosomes). Raw264.7 cells were taken and spread on 6-well plates at a density of 5×105/well overnight. The cells were then divided into three groups: groups 1, 2, and 3, which were infected with OG1RF for 1 h. Then, Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) +10 μmol/L exosome inhibitors GW4869 and DMSO+20 μmol/L GW4869 were added to groups 1 and 2, respectively, and the same volume of DMSO was added to the control group. The exosome content in the supernatant of the three groups was measured after culture for 24 h (to observe the secretion of exosomes). The exosomes purified from group A were added with 4 μmol/L PKH67 labeling, and the labeled exosomes were co-cultured with human intestinal epithelial cells NCM460 cells for 3 h. The exosomes in NCM460 cells were observed under electron microscopy (to observe the exosomes transmission in NCM460 cells).After 24-hour culture, the exosome content in supernatant of cells in the groups A and B was (0.783±0.07) μg and (0.123±0.056) μg, respectively, with statistically significant difference (<0.05). The exosome content in cell supernatant of groups 1, 2 and 3 was (0.592±0.06) μg,(0.488±0.09) μg, and (0.778±0.07) μg, respectively. The exosome content of cell supernatant in the groups 1 and 2 was significantly lower than that in the group 3 (<0.05). Compared with group 1, group 2 had a significantly lower exosome level (<0.05). Exosomes secreted by raw264.7 cells which were infected with OG1RF, could enter the cytoplasm of NCM460.Raw264.7 cells infected with OG1RF can promote exosome secretion, which can be inhibited by GW4869. After OG1RF infection, exosomes secreted by raw264.7 cells can enter NCM460 cells.

exosomes; macrophage exosomes; enterococcus faecalis infection; colon carcinoma; rectal carcinoma; cell experiment

10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2022.33.009

R574

A

1002-266X(2022)33-0037-04

江苏省第五期“333工程”培养资金项目。

蔡潇潇(1994-),女,硕士研究生,初级技师,主要研究方向为外泌体相关分子在肿瘤细胞微环境中的调节机制。E-mail: 22861645222@qq.com

李海波(1972-),男,博士研究生,主任技师,主要研究方向为临床微生物。E-mail: ntlihaibo2015@163.com

(2022-03-25)

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