不同草莓品种果实的感观品质调查
2022-11-30许利平,刘志泰,尹鑫,张文杰,李超,刘小花,李成璞
许利平,刘志泰,尹鑫,张文杰,李超,刘小花,李成璞
摘要:【目的】草莓果實柔软多汁,色泽艳丽,酸甜可口,营养丰富,备受消费者青睐,试验从几个草莓品种的感观品质开展调查研究,以期筛选出品质优良的草莓品种,在承德地区推广种植。【方法】试验以10个草莓品种为试材,采用随机区组设计,3次重复,每个重复每个品种定植100株。9月中旬起垄定植,栽前施腐熟羊粪,株行距20 cm×20 cm,缓苗后覆膜前追施N、P、K复合肥12 kg和充分发酵的香油渣15 kg,以后每20 d施香油渣1次。植株开花达5%时放蜜蜂两箱。果实成熟后每个品种分别采摘500 g进行果实感观品质测定。每个品种随机选取大小均匀、成熟一致的10个果实,测定其保质能力、可溶性固形物和硬度。【结果】‘红颜草莓的果实风味最佳,果肉橙红色,香甜浓郁,硬度较高;‘圣诞红和‘艳丽果形端正,果面红色、平整,果实光泽度强;‘京藏香和‘章姬果面红色,髓心空洞小,香气浓郁口感好,但是硬度小,耐贮性差,适合就近采摘销售;‘白雪公主果面白色,果实汁液多,风味酸甜适中;四季品种‘波特拉‘蒙特瑞‘圣安德瑞斯‘阿尔比果形呈圆锥形,果面红色,外观好看,硬度高,耐腐烂能力强,‘波特拉‘蒙特瑞风味酸,适合做果品加工;‘圣安德瑞斯‘阿尔比口感酸甜适中,既适合观光采摘也适合做加工。
关键词:草莓;品种;果实;感官品质
文章编号:2096-8108(2022)02-0032-03中图分类号:S668.4文献标识码:A
Investigation on Fruit Sensory Quality of Different Strawberry Varieties
XU Liping, LIU Zhitai*, YIN Xin, ZHANG Wenjie, LI Chao, LIU Xiaohua, LI Chengpu
(Chengde Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengde 067000, China)
Abstract:【Objective】Strawberry fruits are soft and juicy, bright in color, sweet and sour, and rich in nutrition, which are favored by consumers. The sensory quality of several strawberry varieties was investigated, in order to screen out strawberry varieties with good quality and promote planting in Chengde area. 【Method】Ten strawberry varieties were selected as experimental materials in a random block design with 3 replicates and 100 plants were planted in each replicate. In the middle of September, ridged and planted, and applied decomposed sheep dung before planting, with a spacing of 20 cm×20 cm. 12 kg of N, P, K compound fertilizer and 15 kg of fully fermented oil residue were applied after slow seedling and before film mulching, and then the oil residue was applied once every 20 days. Put bees in two boxes when the plants have reached 5 percent flowering. After fruit ripening, each variety was picked 500 g to determine fruit sensory quality. Ten fruits of uniform size and uniform ripening were randomly selected from each variety, and their quality preserving ability soluble solids and hardness were determined.【Results】 ‘Hongyan strawberry had the best fruit flavor, with orange red flesh, sweet and rich, and high hardness; ‘Shengdanhong and ‘Yanli have regular fruit shape, red and smooth fruit surface, and strong luster; ‘Jingzangxiang and ‘Zhangji have red fruit surface, small hole in pith heart, rich aroma and good taste, but small hardness, poor storage resistance, suitable for picking and selling nearby; ‘Snow White fruit surface is white, fruit juice, flavor sweet and sour moderate; Four seasons varieties ‘Porta, ‘Monterey, ‘SAN Andreas and ‘Albi shape of the fruit is conical, the fruit surface is red, the appearance is good, the hardness is high, the decay resistance is strong, ‘Porta and ‘Monterey are flavor acid, suitable for fruit processing; ‘SAN Andreas ‘Albi tastes sweet and sour, suitable for sightseeing and processing.
Keywords:strawberry; varieties; the fruit; the sensory quality
草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duch.)是蔷薇科多年生草本植物,在园艺学上属于浆果类果树[1]。草莓果实柔软多汁,色泽艳丽,酸甜可口,营养丰富,富含多酚等抗氧化物质,每100 g草莓果肉中维生素C的含量达50~120 mg,比柑橘高3倍,比葡萄和苹果高达10倍以上,素有“活的维生素丸”之称[2],能预防心血管、肿瘤等疾病的发生,备受消费者青睐,被誉为“水果皇后”[3]。目前人们对水果的需求和消费逐渐增加,市场上的水果种类也很丰富。消费者对鲜食草莓的需求主要是其感官品质和营养价值,就感官品质而言,果实口味虽然重要,但是果实外观(颜色、形状和大小)也很重要,果实的感观品质是评价果实商品性状优劣的因素之一。本试验从几个草莓品种的感观品质开展调查研究,以期筛选出品质优良的草莓品种,在承德地区推广种植。
1试验材料及地点
1.1试验材料
试验材料分为短日照品种和四季品种,短日照品种:‘京藏香‘红颜‘章姬‘白雪公主‘圣诞红‘艳丽;四季品种:‘波特拉‘蒙特瑞‘圣安德瑞斯‘阿尔比。苗木类型均为裸根苗。
1.2试验地点概况
试验地点设在承德市农林科学院中关镇科研基地院内,东经117°57′、北纬41°12′,平均海拔高度447 m,属于中温带半干旱半湿润大陆性季风型冀北山地气候。试验设施为日光温室,棚高4.7 m、长60 m、宽10 m,其中作业道宽0.7 m,土质为轻壤土,前茬种植作物为草莓,7月份用石灰氮高温焖棚消毒[4]。
2试验方法
2.1栽培方法
试验采用随机区组设计,3次重复,每个重复每个品种定植100株。9月中旬定植,栽前施腐熟羊粪4 000~5 000 kg/亩(667 m2),起垄定植,垄面宽度为40 cm,垄高35 cm,垄间距40 cm,起垄行向为南北行向,每垄按“之”字形定植两行,株行距20 cm×20 cm,缓苗后覆膜前追施N、P、K复合肥12 kg,充分发酵的香油渣15 kg,以后每20 d施香油渣1次。植株开花达5%时放蜜蜂两箱[5]。
2.2果实感观品质调查
果实感观品质调查参照草莓种质资源描述规范[6],包括果面颜色、果实形状、果肉颜色、香气、风味、种子着生状态等。在结果盛期,果实成熟后每个品种分别采摘500 g进行果实感观品质测定;每个品种随机选取大小均匀、成熟一致的10个果实,将其放置4 ℃冰箱冷藏72 h,测定其保质能力。
2.3可溶性固形物和硬度调查
每个品种随机选取大小均匀的10个成熟一致的果实,用压汁器将其混合压汁,用日本ATAGO数字折光仪PAL-1测量可溶性固形物质量分数,用台式水果硬度计测量样品的硬度。
3试验结果
3.1感观品质比较
由表1可知,不同草莓品种果实从果面颜色看,‘章姬粉红色,‘白雪公主白色,‘波特拉鲜红色,其他品种均为红色;从果实形状看,圆锥形居多,而‘红顔和‘章姬有带果颈形,‘京藏香‘白雪公主‘圣诞红有少数楔形;从种子着生状态看,只有‘圣诞红是微凸于果面,‘蒙特瑞和‘阿尔比种子着生凹于果面,其余品种都是微凹于果面;从髓心空洞看:‘艳丽‘圣安德瑞斯‘阿尔比最大,‘京藏香‘红颜‘章姬‘白雪公主‘圣诞红空洞小。从风味看:短日照品种‘红颜‘章姬‘圣诞红香甜可口,浓郁芳香,而四季品种‘圣安德瑞斯和‘阿尔比酸甜适中。
3.2保质能力比较
通过表2看出,不同草莓品种‘京藏香‘章姬果实表皮耐擦伤能力低,果面光泽变弱,耐腐烂能力也低,耐贮性差;‘白雪公主耐腐烂能力中等,其余品种保质能力都很好。
3.3可溶性固形物和硬度比较
由表3可知,不同草莓品种‘红颜‘章姬‘白雪公主‘圣诞红可溶性固形物质量分数都大于10%,而京藏香和艳丽可溶性固形物质量分数只有9.4%和9.3%;从硬度上看,‘艳丽硬度最大,‘红颜‘圣诞红次之,而‘章姬和‘京藏香最低,‘白雪公主适中。四季品种‘波特拉‘蒙特瑞‘圣安德瑞斯可溶性固形物质量分数偏低,风味酸,硬度较大。
4结论
根据调查结果,‘红颜的果实风味最佳,香甜浓郁,果肉橙红色,可溶性固形物质量分数和硬度都较好;‘圣诞红和‘艳丽果形端正、漂亮,果面红色、平整,果实光泽度强,‘圣诞红香甜可口,‘艳丽酸甜风味,种子着生状态,‘红颜和‘艳丽微凹于果面,‘圣诞红种子着生微凸于果面,但是3个品种的表皮耐磨度都很高,保质能力都很好,尤其‘艳丽硬度最大,耐腐烂能力高,货架期长,适合采摘和远距离运输。‘京藏香和‘章姬果面红色,髓心空洞小,香气浓郁口感好,但是硬度小,耐磨擦能力低,耐贮性差,适合就近采摘销售,不宜长途运输。‘白雪公主从外观看就如它名字一样,漂亮、洁净,颜色喜人,果实汁液多,风味酸甜适中,缺点是长时间贮存果面光泽暗淡,部分果面颜色呈褐色。
‘波特拉‘蒙特瑞‘圣安德瑞斯‘阿尔比4个四季品种果形呈圆锥形,果面红色,外观好看,硬度高,耐腐烂能力高,果面光泽度强,保质能力好;从香气看,‘波特拉‘蒙特瑞香味淡、风味酸适合做果品加工,‘圣安德瑞斯‘阿尔比口感酸甜适中,既适合观光采摘也适合做加工。
四季品种在承德地区周年开花结果,而且产量高,适合推广种植。
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