MAKING CRIME PAY

What will it take for China to produce a great mystery novel?

中国的犯罪小说为什么鲜有佳作？

Deep in an alley in Shanghai’s Huangpu district,a group of young bystanders hover over the chalk outline of a body.But this is no crime scene: Under the scrutiny of the portraits of a dozen of the most influential crime writers in history,including Arthur Conan Doyle,Raymond Chandler,and China’s own “father of detective fiction” Cheng Xiaoqing (程小青),these young “deduction fans (推理迷)” are celebrating the opening of Lonely Island,Shanghai’s first crimecentric bookstore.The shop’s owner,mystery writer Shi Chen,dreamed of this bricks-and-mortar haven for the nation’s growing community of crime readers “completely as a whim” for fans of the genre like himself.

In the current market,Chen Zijin’s 2013 novelBad Kidsand its 2020 streaming TV adaptation brought massive mainstream critical and commercial success to China’s domestic crime fiction output.The show,which features violence committed against or by minors,with a suspenseful crime at its center,debuted as the highest rated Chinese drama within 18 months of its release on the rating platform Douban,with a score of 8.8 and over 1 million reviews.

TEXT BY JESSE YOUNG ILLUSTRATION BY CAI T AO

To Shi,the show “represents a good direction for mystery writers,” offering an emotionally satisfying story with a wide appeal beyond the core crime fanbase.“If you want to make a living by writing,your works had better be adapted for TV or film.This is the way to increase your readership,” he adds.

Yet,Chen Zijin’s success is more an exception than the rule among Chinese crime writers.Despite the boom in crime fiction sales,much of it is driven by translations (or even imitations) of American and European classics,as well as more modern works from Japan.Most Chinese crime writers are struggling to find their footing in the market as they strive to catch up on originality and depth,as well as battling against the halo of prestige sometimes afforded foreign works.Data from the Chinese Bookseller’s Association credits a single Japanese author,Higashino Keigo,with half the crime novel sales in China in 2017,a figure which has since droppedbut still represents almost a third of the market in 2021.For every copy of domestic crime fiction sold,four copies of translated works from Japanese,American,and European authors are purchased,statistics from Publisher’s Magazine reveal.

Huo Sang,China’s answer to Sherlock Holmes, featured in 156 stories by Cheng Xiaoqing starting from 1911

Shi observes that many Chinese readers at his bookstore “weren’t all that interested” in domestic detective fiction.“Many [mystery] writers are still too young and lack the experience.They’re too caught up in devising puzzles and neglect to imbue a sense of realism,resulting in works that appear naïve,” Shi says,though he does think the situation is improving.

Stories about crime have flourished in China since the Tang (618—907)and Song (960—1279) dynasties.During this period,oral legends of famed historical figures Di Renjie(狄仁杰) and Bao Qingtian (包青天),both genius judges known for their intelligence and integrity,morphed into a genre of literature known asgong’an(公案) or “public case.”

Over subsequent centuries,numerous authors wrote plays,operas,and story collections featuring these characters,such as the Ming dynasty’sThe Hundred Cases of Judge Bao.These tales typically operated on an inversion of the standard “whodunnit”plot,instead working backwards from a known culprit to show a detective’s attempt to solve the crime—and frequently invoked supernatural aids in finding the answers.

Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories were first translated into Chinese in 1896,and the character’s emphasis on scientific thinking sat well with the ideas of modernization embodied by the early 20th century’s May Fourth Movement,setting off a boom in homegrown crime stories that emphasized plot twists and intellectual puzzles to be solved through reasoning.

Bad Kids was adapted into a hit TV series that was controversial for depicting children in violent situations

Chief among these efforts were a pair of writer friends,Cheng Xiaoqing and Sun Liaohong (孙了红),who captivated readers with their opposing characters: detective Huo Sang,the“Sherlock of Shanghai,” and master thief Lu Ping,inspired by French writer Maurice Leblanc’s famous Arsène Lupin character.Published primarily in magazines,such as Detective World (founded in 1923),stories about both characters remained popular through the 1920s and until the 1940s.

The legacy of the early 20th century’s “deduction culture (推理文化)” is still visible today in Chinese book and film,bolstered by the surge in popularity for escape room and murder mystery roleplay games in recent years,but contemporary domestic writers have struggled to gain more attention.Xia Shini,a 20-yearold organizer for an online mystery and suspense book club,can see why.“The main point is there are no Chinese characteristics,” she explains to TWOC.“Most works focus on love stories,the concepts are pretty shallow and there’s nothing of the country in their atmosphere.”

后来我上车后转身往车尾跨步的瞬间，眼角就启动搜寻功能。一旦瞄到她，我会不自觉修正步幅大小，以便能够完美地抵达她面前。我甚至怀疑我是否还保有刚好走四步的习惯。于是在自主意识的帮助下，我总是能刚好站在她面前。合不合理、合不合逻辑、是否命中注定、是否特别有缘都不是重点，重点是我会站在她面前、我想站在她面前、我要站在她面前。

The Legend of Bao Qingtian has been adapted into several costume dramas,including this 2000 series about Bao in his youth

Chinese crime fiction researcher Houseby,who created his own mystery prize to encourage up-and-coming authors,echoes this sentiment:“China’s current crop of suspense novels has been learning from foreign classics,” he says.“This has been a stage of imitation.”

This is whereBad Kidsstood out: Its gritty exploration of family bonds,childhood trauma,and individual versus collective responsibility resonated culturally with its audience.The show’s release also coincided with a rash of juvenile crime headlines that led to public debates about lowering the age of criminal responsibility.

Chinese crime writing that places emphasis on the analysis of human nature and foregrounds social issues,rather than a procedural view of sleuthing,is usually traced back to Song Ying’s 2008 novelApricot’s Revenge.In it,the death of a property tycoon sparks off an investigation which reveals cover-ups and corruption stretching back to the Cultural Revolution.These newer works which “reflect social reality and carry out social critique,” as Houseby puts it,are becoming the darlings of film and television producers,since they can easily be adapted into screen works that “fit in with hot-button issues.”

Arguably,Chinese authors have had the most success in the realm of true crime.In China,the genre started as a sub-category of police literature (公安文学),stories usually written by police officers and put out by publishing companies and literary journals affiliated with law-enforcement agencies.Emerging shortly after the country enacted its first criminal law and criminal procedure law in 1979,police literature educated the public on the function of the courts and policing,and favored authors were given access to case files by the Ministry of Public Security to find source material.

Though police literature has waned,its influence can still be felt in the legal and law enforcement past of many mystery writers today.Qin Ming,a crime novelist with a background as a medical-examiner,has cumulative sales in excess of 3.5 million.Ex-cop A Yi’s 2012 work,A Perfect Crime,received positive press from LA Review of Books and the Wall Street Journal when translated into English in 2015.Shandong police officer Shenlan (whose pen-name is likely a nod to his dark blue uniform)began writing anonymized versions of his cases for NetEase’s nonfiction storytelling platform Renjian the Livings in 2016,focusing on domestic violence,fraud,bullying,and other commonplace crimes in his city.

True crime is also flourishing in new media.Caixin launched its first true crime podcast On the Record in 2021,positioning it as China’s answer toSerial.Editor Shen Yanni of Renjian (one of TWOC’s content partners) explains that some of their most popular true crime stories can receive over a million hits.Apart from Shenlan,the platform’s writers include “several public security types and lawyers...most of whom are still working hard on the front lines of these professions,” says Shen.

While “censors do not want suspense novels to give bad guidance”according to Houseby,literature still has more free rein than movies or TV when it comes to depictions of violence or illegal behavior.Part of the success of iQiyi’s TV adaptation ofBad Kidswas down to it being seen as relatively edgy,yet its characters were far more innocent than their counterparts in the original novel.Still more disturbing are A Yi’s novels,regularly likened to the work of Kafka and which display a level of despair and cruelty that makes Chen Zijin seem tame.

Today,apart from a small handful of long-established authors like Chen Zijin,Qin Ming,and Zhou Haohui (author of theDeath Noticetrilogy),most crime writers in China have yet to sell in the millions and find mainstream appeal.Magazines and web-communities of the early 2000s,such as website “Murder-Mystery Portal,” as well as university deduction literature clubs and industry awards such as the Chinese Murder-Mystery Award hosted by Taiwan’s Deduction magazine,are steadily publishing a growing number of local authors.But for now,mystery-lovers and authors are left,however they can,to figure out how to make crime pay.

TOMORROW IN SHANGHAI (BLAIR,AUGUST 30)

May-Lee Chai inhabits a world between worlds.Half-Chinese and half-American,she is well aware of how having a foot in each nation creates a life full of conflicts and parallels,contradictions and injustices that remain invisible to those confined to a single culture.Chai drew these out with aplomb in her 2018 short story collection,Useful Phrases for Immigrants,which earned the 2019 American Book Award for its frank depiction of everyday nuances for America’s Chinese diaspora.Tomorrow in Shanghaisees Chai expanding into new worlds (literally:a nanny struggles to survive in China’s “New Shanghai” colony on Mars) and consolidating old themes (her narrators,often Chinese-American,are frequently on the receiving end of American racism).Her writing is simple in style,but rich in details that could only come through lived experience.

FRAGILE CARGO (PENGUIN,SEPTEMBER 1)

It goes without saying that armies and fragile objects don’t mix.So what happens when the Forbidden City’s priceless treasures come up against the oncoming storm of Japan’s invasion of China in the 1930s? BBC foreign correspondent Adam Brookes tells of the daring efforts of the curators of the then newly established Palace Museum as they try to hide over a million artifacts from looters and explosives,and save them for future generations.Much has been written in English about the fate of Europe’s artistic treasures during the Second World War,but very little on similar efforts going on at the same time around the other side of the world.

ZHONG GUAN VILLAGE (ACA PUBLISHING,SEPTEMBER 23)

Ning Ken is a prominent Chinese novelist,gaining recognition in literary circles for his fiction on Tibet.He describes himself as fascinated by how China’s rapid advances in previous decades means it has “compressed time.” Nowhere is this better seen than inZhong Guan Village,a non-fictional testament to one of the hubs of Chinese technological advancement.Through detailed interviews,Ken brings to life the recent history of Zhongguancun,a former village on the outskirts of Beijing where companies like Lenovo were born,and where the China offices of Microsoft,Sony,and Intel are headquartered.It’s a breakneck journey through 60 years of Chinese R&D,from fresh-faced scientists huddled in huts designing atomic bombs to bosses in clean skyscrapers developing apps used by billions.—ALEX COLVILLE