动词不定式与动名词的用法辨析
2022-05-30陈玉芳
陈玉芳
动词不定式与动名词均属于非谓语动词,两者既存在相似点,又有它们的独特之处。对此,同学们要用心比较,把握区别,避免错用。
一、动词不定式与动名词用作主语
动词不定式与动名词都可以用作主语,置于句首时,谓语动词都用单数形式;两者也都可以用it作形式主语,把真正的逻辑主语后置,有时可以互换。但是,需要注意的是,不定式用作主语时,一般表示特定、具体的动作,多侧重目的、意愿或未完成的事;动名词用作主语时,一般表示抽象、泛指的动作,多侧重已知事实或经验。若有以下情况,两者则不能互换:
(1)在“It is time...”句型中,真正的逻辑主语应用动词不定式,而不能用动名词。例如:
Its time to have a rest.
该休息了。
Its time to go home.
是时候回家了。
(2)在“It is+ no good/no use...”的句型中,常用动名词做主语,不用动词不定式做主语。例如:
Its no good reading in dim light.
在昏暗的光线下看书不好。
Itsnouseaskingher,shedoesntknow anything.
问她没用,她什么都不知道。
(3)在there be 句型中,可以用动名词做主语,而动词不定式作则不能。例如:
Thereisnosayingsuchwords.=Its im-possible to say such words.
不可能讲这样的话。
(4)当主语由名词或代词的所有格修饰时,只能用动名词,不用动词不定式。例如:
Jacks saying made her quite angry.
杰克的话让她非常生气。
(5)与疑问词连用作主语时,只能用动词不定式,不能使用动名词。例如:
What to do next hasnt been decided.
下一步该做什么还没有决定。
二、动词不定式与动名词用作宾语
在英语中,动词不定式与动名词均可以用作宾语。在运用时,同学们要注意如下几点:
(1)对于help, ask, hope, wish, plan, agree,decide,want, would like 等动词及短语,其后只能接不定式做宾语,而不能用动名词做宾语。
例如:—Whats your dream job, Jane?
—I hope to be a teacher.
——简,你的梦想职业是什么?
——我希望成为一名老师。
We decided to spend an evening at the cinema.
我们决定了晚上看电影。
(2)对于enjoy, finish, suggest, allow,mind, think about, feel like, give up, look forward to, do well in等动词及短语,其后往往只能接动名词做宾语,不能接不定式做宾语。例 如:
She has to finish doing her homework now.
现在,她不得不完成作业。
You must give up smoking, because it isbad for your health.
你必须戒烟,因为吸烟对你的健康有害。
(3)对于love, like, hate, start, begin等动词,其后均可以接不定式和动名词做宾语,两者含义基本相同。例如:
She loves to dance/ dancing.
她爱跳舞。
At about 6:00 a.m., they began to sell/sell- ing vegetables.
早上六点左右,他们开始卖菜。
(4)对于forget, remember, try, mean,stop, go on 等动词及其短语,其后接不定式和动名词作宾语时,其含义差异较大。以“stop”为例,stop to do sth. ,表示停下来去做另一件事; stop doing sth.则表示停止正在做的事。例如:
They stop to have a rest.
他们停下来,准备休息。(“休息”是停下来后去做的另一件事)
They stop having a rest.
他們停止了休息。(“休息”是正在做的事)
【练一练】
①It is impolite loudly in public places.
A. talk B. to talk C. talking D. talks
② Excuse me, wouldyou mind your voices down, please?
A. keep B. to keep C. keeping D. kept
③Remember off the lights when you leave the classroom.
A. to turn B. turning C. will turn D. turn
④I mean water. I think saving water means ourselves.
A. save;saving B. to save;save
C. saving;to save D. to save;saving
⑤ Its no use him, he is no longer incharge.
A.ask B. asked C. to ask D. asking
【参考答案】① B ②C ③A ④D ⑤D