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阿朴酯颗粒剂对小鼠肝肾组织毒性、血清炎性因子及体液免疫水平的影响

2022-04-21王剑廖书丹杨剑文正常金晓峰赵贵吕世明

南方农业学报 2022年1期
关键词:小鼠

王剑 廖书丹 杨剑 文正常 金晓峰 赵贵 吕世明

摘要:【目的】觀察长期添加阿朴酯颗粒剂对昆明小鼠肝脏、肾脏组织结构与功能及其体液免疫水平的影响,系统评价其安全性,为阿朴酯在畜禽生产中的科学应用提供参考依据。【方法】通过急性毒性试验测定阿朴酯颗粒剂对昆明小鼠的半数致死量(LD50),然后设50% LD50(1.4 g/kg)和80% LD50 (2.2 g/kg)作剂量组,以等量生理盐水为空白对照。单次灌胃1.4 g/kg阿朴酯悬浊液后,于灌胃后第4、12、36和60 h及第7和14 d进行眼球采血,用于测定血常规指标;按1.4和2.2 g/kg的剂量分别连续灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液21 d后,分析小鼠体重增重、血清生化指标、尿常规指标及免疫指标的变化情况,并采集小鼠肝脏和肾脏制作石蜡切片进行组织学观察。【结果】阿朴酯颗粒剂对昆明小鼠的LD50为2.74 g/kg,95%置信限为2.69~3.41 g/kg。依据WHO毒性分级标准,阿朴酯颗粒剂属低毒级物质。按1.4 g/kg的剂量单次灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液后,昆明小鼠血液中性粒细胞数量在灌胃后第4 h显著升高(P<0.05,下同),白细胞总数在灌胃后第12和36 h显著升高,淋巴细胞数量在灌胃后第4和12 h极显著升高(P<0.01,下同),红细胞总数和平均红细胞血红蛋白含量在灌胃后第36 h显著升高。以2.2 g/kg的剂量连续灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液21 d后,昆明小鼠的体重增重和平均日增重极显著降低,血清中的碱性磷酸酶活性和尿素含量极显著升高、而谷草转移酶活性和肌酐含量极显著降低;尿液中白细胞数量及蛋白、微白蛋白和酮体含量显著上升;肝脏黄染、淤血,肝索与肝窦紊乱不清,肝细胞碎裂溶解,发生肿胀或坏死;肾脏明显肿大、黄染,肾小体破损消亡,髓质部呈弥漫性出血;血清免疫细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-10水平显著或极显著升高,而免疫球蛋白IgM和SIgA浓度显著下降。【结论】阿朴酯颗粒剂属低毒级物质,但高剂量使用可快速升高血细胞数量,破坏小鼠肝肾组织结构并引起功能障碍,且对体液免疫有抑制作用。因此,建议在家禽生产中不可超量或长期添加,尤其拌料时需保证均匀,避免误食高剂量阿朴酯而造成肝肾功能损伤。

关键词: 阿朴酯颗粒剂;小鼠;肝肾毒性;血清炎性因子;体液免疫

中图分类号: S816.74                      &nbsp;    文献标志码: A 文章编号:2095-1191(2022)01-0200-10

Effects of Apo-ester granules on liver and kidney tissue toxicity,serum inflammatory factors and humoral immunity in mice

WANG Jian1,2, LIAO Shu-dan1,2, YANG Jian1,2, WEN Zheng-chang3,

JIN Xiao-feng4, ZHAO Gui4*, LYU Shi-ming1,2*

(1College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang  550025, China; 2Guizhou Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Guiyang  550025, China; 3 Guizhou Institute of Animal Husbandry and

Veterinary Medicine, Guiyang  550005, China; 4 Guizhou Provincial Veterinary Medicine Feed Supervision

Office, Guiyang  550003, China)

Abstract:【Objective】 The effects of long-term addition of Apo-ester(APO) granules on the structure and function of liver, kidney and humoral immunity levels in Kunming mice were investigated, and its safety was systematically evalua-ted, which would provide a reference for the scientific application of APO in livestock and poultry production. 【Method】 The median lethal dose (LD50) of APO granules was measured by acute toxicity test on Kunming mice. Then, 50% LD50 (1.4 g/kg) and 80% LD50 (2.2 g/kg) were set as dose groups and equal amount of saline was used as blank control. After a single gavage of 1.4 g/kg APO suspension, eye blood was collected on the 4th, 12th, 36th and 60th h and on the 7th  d and 14th  d after the gavage for the determination of blood routine indexes. After 21 d of continuous gavage of APO suspension at 1.4 and 2.2 g/kg, the weight gain, blood biochemical indexes, urinary indexes immune indexes of mice were analyzed. Besides, the liver and kidney were collected for histological observation in paraffin sections. 【Result】 The LD50 of APO granules on Kunming mice was 2.74 g/kg with the 95% confidence limit of 2.69-3.41 g/kg. According to the toxicity grading standard of WHO, APO granule was a low-toxicity substance. The blood neutrophils of Kunming mice increased significantly (P<0.05, the same below) at the 4th h after single gavage of APO suspension at a dose of 1.4 g/kg. The total number of white blood cells was significantly increased at 12th and 36th h after gavage, and the number of lymphocytes was extremely significantly increased at 4th and 12th h after gavage (P<0.01, the same below). The total number of erythrocytes and the mean erythrocyte hemoglobin content increased significantly at 36th h after gavage. The body weight gain and mean daily weight gain of Kunming mice were extremely significantly reduced after 21 d of continuous gavage of APO suspension at a dose of 2.2 g/kg. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity and urea content were extremely significantly increased, while tangrass transferase activity and creatinine content were extremely significantly reduced. The number of white blood cells, the levels of urinary microalbumin and ketone body in the urine were increased significantly. Liver yellowing, congestion, disorder of hepatic cord and sinusoids, the fragmentation and dissolution of liver cells even swelling or necrosis were observed. The kidneys were obviously enlarged and yellowish. The renal corpuscle was broken and extinct, and medulla showed diffuse hemorrhage. Serum levels of immune cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 were significantly or extremely significantly increased, while the concentrations of immunoglobulins IgM and SIgA were significantly decreased. 【Conclusion】 APO granules are low-toxic substances, while high-dose addition can lead to the rapid increase of blood cells, and the tissue structure of liver and kidney in mice can also be damaged. Furthermore, the humoral immunity can be inhibited. Therefore, it is recommended not to add excessive amounts or long-term addition in poultry production. The mixing ingredients should be ensured uniformity to avoid the damage of liver and kidney function through ingesting high doses of APO.

Key words: APO granules; mice; liver and kidney toxicity; serum inflammatory factors; humoral immunity

Foundation items: National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760749); Scientific and Technological Research Project of Guizhou(QKHZC〔2019〕2318); Science and Technology Plan Project of Guizhou(QKHJC-ZK-〔2022〕-129); Guizhou General Colleges and Universities Youth Science and Technology Talent Growth Project(QJH-KY-〔2022〕-151)

0 引言

【研究意义】诱人的食物色泽可增加食欲和促进消化液分泌,因此具有诱人色泽的畜禽产品更具吸引力,在市场上也更受青睐(Hasin et al.,2006;黎路和黄晓晶,2014),加之肉蛋食品价格受色泽深浅的影响(Castaeda et al.,2005),促使大多数养殖户倾向于在饲料中添加色素以改善动物性产品色泽,弥补家禽无法自身合成黄色类的色素(Lokaewmanee et al.,2011)。阿朴酯(Apo-ester,APO)属于类胡萝卜素,为人工合成着色剂,是农业农村部第2625号公告《饲料添加剂安全使用规范(2017)》批准的色素饲料添加剂,具有增色效果好、价格低廉等优势,已广泛应用于蛋鸡和肉鸡生产(王海威等,2014;杨梅等,2017),导致在禽类产品中呈现出较高的检出率,其安全性也受到高度关注。【前人研究进展】已有研究表明,多数类胡萝卜素都具有增强免疫力的功能(Siems et al.,2005),如虾青素可促进淋巴组织增生(Park et al.,2010),大剂量叶黄素能增强淋巴细胞增殖等(Bie et al.,2011)。此外,小鼠胎儿免疫系统的发育需要母鼠类胡萝卜素刺激,禽类胚胎形成过程中法氏囊B细胞的发育也与类胡萝卜素有关(Garcia et al.,2003);在饲料中添加β-胡萝卜素可使血浆溶菌酶活性增强(Amar et al.,2004);类胡萝卜素能刺激淋巴细胞等免疫细胞增殖分化(靳青等,2014)。阿朴酯着色效果良好,能有效提高蛋黄罗氏比色扇值(Sirri et al.,2007)及种蛋受精率(由89.17%提升至94.84%)(梁远东等,2005);阿朴酯还能显著降低蛋鸡肝脏丙二醛含量,提升机体的抗氧化能力(李俊等,2018),同时具有降低氧化因子一氧化氮(NO),维持氧化还原平衡,预防糖尿病心血管并发症等作用(Ucci et al.,2019)。阿朴酯同属于类胡萝卜素,但是否对机体免疫力有影响仍有待进一步探究。化学合成类着色剂主要从煤焦油等化工原料中分离制成,因此通常存在一定的危害性(Neves et al.,2021)。Tsuda等(2000)研究证实,胭脂红能损伤小鼠胃、结肠及膀胱细胞的DNA。尤其是近年来的研究发现,与阿朴酯配合添加的斑蝥黄高剂量使用时会显著抑制鸡体增重(姬翔宇等,2020),或引起大鼠肝功能异常,胆碱酯酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性显著升高(杨兰兰等,2013),但低剂量使用时无明显的毒副作用(王海威等,2014)。目前,欧盟动物饲料添加剂和产品组织(FEEDAP)在蛋鸡饲料添加剂中规定阿朴酯对产蛋鸡安全的最大剂量为40 mg/kg(Bampidis et al.,2019),但超过该剂量的影响尚未公布。【本研究切入点】至今,有关阿朴酯的研究主要集中在着色效果、增重情况及抗氧化等生产性能方面(王海威等,2014;李俊等,2018;姬翔宇等,2020),鲜见系统性的安全评价研究,高剂量阿朴酯对机体增重、脏器功能及免疫水平的影响也未知,因此亟需开展阿朴酯系统性安全评价以保障消费食品安全。【拟解决的关键问题】通过开展阿朴酯急性毒性试验,观察长期添加阿朴酯对昆明小鼠肝脏、肾脏组织结构与功能及其体液免疫水平的影响,系统评价其安全性,为阿朴酯在畜禽生产中的科学应用提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1. 1 试验材料

SPF级昆明小鼠(18~22 g)购自重庆医科大学实验动物中心(实验动物许可证:SCXK(渝)2018-0003),且经贵州大学实验动物伦理分委員会批准(EAE-GZU-2020-E016)。阿朴酯颗粒剂(阿朴酯含量10%)购自广州立达尔生物科技股份有限公司,ELISA试剂盒购自江苏晶美生物科技有限公司。主要仪器设备:全自动血液细胞分析仪(PE-6800VET),兽用生化分析(BS-240VET),优利特尿液分析仪(URIT-500B),电子天平(JA5003N),全自动微孔检测仪(EIX808),病理切片机(RM2016),正置光学显微镜(Nikon Eclipse E100)。

1. 2 试验方法

1. 2. 1 阿朴酯悬浊液配制 准确称取1.0 g阿朴酯颗粒剂,加入蒸馏水1.0 mL,混匀,制得阿朴酯悬浊液,避光保存,现配现用。

1. 2. 2 小鼠急性毒性试验 参照GB/T 21603—2008《化学品 急性经口毒性试验方法》和GB 15193.1—2003《食品安全性毒理学评价程序》。(1)最大限量试验:昆明小鼠20只,雌雄各半,按5.0 g/kg的剂量进行灌胃。试验前动物适应4 d,禁食16 h,自由饮水;试验期间全部饲喂基础饲料,观察14 d,记录昆明小鼠死亡只数。(2)半数致死量(LD50)测定:确定阿朴酯悬浊液对昆明小鼠的最大致死剂量和最小致死剂量后,选取50只昆明小鼠随机分成5组,每组10只,雌雄各半。以昆明小鼠全死亡或死亡90%以上的剂量和昆明小鼠不死亡或死亡10 %以下的剂量作为最高和最低剂量,并设3.4、3.1、2.8、2.5和2.2 g/kg等5个对数等距的剂量组。经单次灌胃后观察14 d,记录昆明小鼠的死亡情况。根据寇氏法计算LD50(张等宏等,2018),并以WHO毒性分级标准评价其急性毒性。

1. 2. 3 阿朴酯对小鼠血常规指标的影响 血常规指标按照全自动血液细胞分析仪操作说明进行测定。取昆明小鼠30只,雌雄各半,适应性饲养3 d后随机分为空白对照和阿朴酯组,每组15只,阿朴酯组按1.4 g/kg的剂量(50% LD50)灌胃,空白对照组灌胃等量生理盐水。于灌胃后第4、12、36和60 h及第7和14 d经眼球采集全血,采血前禁食12 h、禁水1 h。

1. 2. 4 阿朴酯对小鼠体重增重、血清生化指标、尿常规指标及肝肾组织结构的影响 血液生化指标测定参照王丙雷等(2020)的方法。取昆明小鼠60只,雌雄各半,适应性饲养3 d,试验前禁食12 h,称重。然后随机分为3组,每组20只,试验组分别按1.4 g/kg(50% LD50)和2.2 g/kg(80% LD50)的剂量灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液,空白对照组灌胃等量生理盐水,连续灌胃21 d,每日观察记录昆明小鼠的翻正反应、瞳孔及身体卷曲程度等情况。试验结束后禁食12 h,称重,计算体重变化;收集12 h尿液测定尿常规指标,眼球采血制备血清,测定血清生化指标;同时采集昆明小鼠的肝脏和肾脏,4%多聚甲醛溶液固定24 h后,制作石蜡切片,HE染色,组织学观察。

1. 2. 5 阿朴酯对小鼠免疫球蛋白、细胞因子的影响 参照陈志敏等(2019)的方法。取昆明小鼠60只,雌雄各半,适应性饲养3 d,随机分为3组,每组20只,试验前禁食12 h。试验组分别灌胃1.4和2.2 g/kg阿朴酯悬浊液,空白对照组灌胃等量生理盐水,连续灌胃21 d,期间自由采食和饮水。最后一次给药12 h后(禁食,不禁水),称重,颈静脉采血,血液静置30 min后3000 r/min离心15 min,分离血清,-20 ℃保存备用。采用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)测定血清免疫球蛋白IgM、SIgA、IgG及免疫细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-10、IFN-γ。

1. 3 统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 19.0进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)及Duncan’s多重比较。

2 结果与分析

2. 1 阿朴酯的急性毒性作用

昆明小鼠按5.0 g/kg的剂量灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液,结果发现14 d内20只受试昆明小鼠死亡13只,因此需按GB/T 21603—2008《化学品 急性经口毒性试验方法》和GB 15193.1—2003《食品安全性毒理学评价程序》规定,进行多剂量急性毒性试验,以确定阿朴酯颗粒剂对昆明小鼠的LD50。由表1可知,根据寇氏法计算得出阿朴酯颗粒剂对昆明小鼠的LD50为2.74 g/kg,95%置信限为2.69~3.41 g/kg。依据WHO毒性分级标准,阿朴酯颗粒剂属低毒级物质(501~5000 mg/kg)。

2. 2 阿朴酯对小鼠血常规指标的影响

由表2可知,按1.4 g/kg的剂量单次灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液,昆明小鼠血液中性粒细胞数量在灌胃后第4 h显著升高(P<0.05,下同),至灌胃后第12和36 h昆明小鼠血液白细胞总数显著升高,淋巴细胞数量则在灌胃后第4和12 h极显著升高(P<0.01,下同),可能是高剂量阿朴酯对组织细胞的急性损伤所致,进而引起中性粒细胞及淋巴细胞数量升高,但随着阿朴酯在小鼠体内浓度的快速下降,其组织损伤减轻,血相也逐渐趋于正常。红细胞总数和平均红细胞血红蛋白含量均在灌胃后第36 h显著升高,可能是急性损伤引起的应激反应,导致红细胞代偿性入血造成。昆明小鼠其余血常规指标在各时段的差异均不显著(P>0.05,下同),且所有血常规指标从灌胃后第60 h起均无显著差异。

2. 3 阿朴酯对小鼠体重增重的影响

由表3可知,与空白对照组相比,按1.4和2.2 g/kg的剂量分别连续灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液21 d后昆明小鼠的体重增重和平均日增重均极显著降低,究其原因可能源于食欲下降及消化吸收系统异常等问题,其中肝脏损伤概率是其体重增重下降的主要原因。

2. 4 阿朴酯对小鼠血清生化指标的影响

由表4可知,按1.4和2.2 g/kg的剂量分别连续灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液21 d后,与空白对照组相比,1.4 g/kg剂量组昆明小鼠血清尿素含量显著升高,尿酸含量显著降低,谷草转移酶活性极显著下降;而灌胃2.2 g/kg阿朴酯悬浊液能极显著升高碱性磷酸酶活性和尿素含量,同时极显著降低谷草转移酶活性和肌酐含量。尿素、尿酸和肌酐是臨床诊断肾功能的主要指标,谷草转移酶和碱性磷酸酶是评价肝功能的指标,说明高剂量阿朴酯会引起小鼠的肝肾功能异常,且呈明显的剂量依赖关系。

2. 5 阿朴酯对小鼠尿常规指标的影响

由表5可知,与空白对照组相比,连续灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液21 d后1.4和2.2 g/kg剂量组昆明小鼠尿常规指标中的白细胞数量均显著增加;此外,2.2 g/kg剂量组昆明小鼠的蛋白、微白蛋白和酮体含量也显著增加;尿胆原和肌酐含量则随阿朴酯给药剂量的增加而呈上升趋势。昆明小鼠尿常规指标的异常变化,表明肾小球过滤及肾小管重吸收功能受损,且酮体是由肝脏代谢脂肪产生,在尿液中显著增加则反映肝代谢功能异常,结合小鼠血液生化指标的变化,提示昆明小鼠肝肾功能异常。

2. 6 阿朴酯对小鼠肝肾组织病理变化的影响

与空白对照组相比,按1.4和2.2 g/kg的剂量分别连续灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液21 d后昆明小鼠肝脏明显黄染,边缘淤血(图1);肝脏组织石蜡切片(图2)镜检发现,1.4 g/kg剂量组昆明小鼠的肝索与肝窦扭曲紊乱、变模糊,肝细胞内和肝窦间有红细胞聚集,肝细胞核碎裂或溶解,肝细胞坏死,胞浆疏松、透明,胞核居中,肝细胞肿胀;2.2 g/kg剂量组昆明小鼠肝脏组织有大面积的点状坏死灶。在昆明小鼠肾脏方面,连续灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液后昆明小鼠的肾脏也明显黄染,且体积肿大(图3);肾脏组织石蜡切片(图4)镜检发现,1.4 g/kg剂量组昆明小鼠肾脏皮质部碎裂,血管球缩小破碎,血管极断裂与致密斑连接;2.2 g/kg剂量组昆明小鼠肾脏的髓质部细胞浓缩溶解,血管球消失,髓质部呈弥漫性出血。

2. 7 阿朴酯对小鼠免疫球蛋白及免疫细胞因子的影响

由表6可知,按2.2 g/kg的剂量连续灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液21 d后,昆明小鼠血清的IgM和SIgA浓度显著降低,IgG浓度的下降趋势不显著,说明阿朴酯对机体体液免疫早期抗体的产生及黏膜免疫功能有弱化作用,可能是由于灌胃时阿朴酯在消化道黏膜上停留较久,吸收较多,随之机体炎性损伤加剧。在免疫细胞因子方面,以2.2 g/kg的剂量连续灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液21 d后,昆明小鼠的IL-1β水平较空白对照组极显著升高,TNF-α和IL-10水平较空白对照组显著升高,而IFN-γ水平无显著变化,说明阿朴酯能引起机体炎性因子水平提高,同时综合肝肾损伤情况,由此可知持续的炎症反应带来机能障碍,进而影响正常体液免疫水平。

3 讨论

本研究结果表明,阿朴酯颗粒剂对昆明小鼠的LD50为2.74 g/kg,95%置信限为2.69~3.41 g/kg;依据WHO毒性分级标准,阿朴酯颗粒剂属低毒级物质(501~5000 mg/kg)。本研究的阿朴酯有效含量仅为10%,其他成份主要是抗氧化、增加适口性的成份(如玉米淀粉等),均属无毒,因此其毒性来自阿朴酯。已有研究证实,斑蝥黄的潜在危害包括色素沉积引起皮肤变色和视网膜病变(McCann et al.,2007)。杨兰兰等(2013)研究表明斑蝥黄对小鼠的LD50为8.14 g/kg,属实际无毒(5001~15000 mg/kg),而阿朴酯颗粒剂对昆明小鼠的LD50为2.74 g/kg,即阿朴酯的安全范围远低于斑蝥黄,其存在的潜在毒性风险可能高于斑蝥黄。目前,以阿朴酯和斑蝥黄为有效着色成分的加丽素黄、加丽素红市场覆盖率高达60%,因此,动物性食品残留监测部门还需加强对阿朴酯残留的监测,以保障消费者健康。

按1.4 g/kg的剂量单次灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液,昆明小鼠的白细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞及红细胞等均在灌胃后36 h内快速升高,但维持时间较短。究其原因可能是一过性损伤和急性应激反应共同作用的结果,如空运比格犬导致血细胞短时间内快速升高(Liang et al.,2018)。机体通过发生代偿反应以修复补偿阿朴酯带来的损伤,如快速动员骨髓中的白细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞及红细胞等进入血液循环系统,激活機体免疫自稳功能,召集白细胞、淋巴细胞和粒细胞等炎性细胞,吞噬清除损伤的细胞(Brekke et al.,2019),但具体作用机制有待进一步探究。

阿朴酯等类胡萝卜素一般经淋巴系统进入肝脏(刘嘉宁等,2017),β-胡萝卜素可造成细胞DNA的损伤(Åsgård and Hellman,2013)。本研究中,以2.2 g/kg的剂量连续灌胃昆明小鼠,其体重增重和平均日增重较空白对照组均极显著降低,与高剂量斑蝥黄能显著降低鸡体重的结论(姬翔宇等,2020)一致,可能是由于肝脏损伤后影响胆汁分泌,而降低采食欲和消化吸收功能。连续灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液21 d后昆明小鼠的肝脏黄染、淤血,肝索与肝窦紊乱不清,肝细胞碎裂溶解,发生肿胀或坏死,导致肝脏合成代谢等基本功能被破坏,引起谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶和尿液酮体的异常变化。除了肝脏受损外,阿朴酯对鸡的肾脏也有损伤(姬翔宇等,2020)。本研究综合常用肾功能评价指标,结果发现连续灌胃阿朴酯悬浊液21 d后昆明小鼠的血清尿素含量及尿常规蛋白含量、微白蛋白含量和白细胞数量均显著升高,预示着肾小球过滤及肾小管重吸收的机能障碍,且肾脏明显肿大、黄染,肾小体破损消亡,髓质部呈弥漫性出血,进一步证实高剂量阿朴酯对小鼠肾功能有损伤作用。

IL-1β和TNF-α作为促炎性免疫细胞因子,其分泌量随炎症反应的加剧而增多(Zou et al.,2020)。IL-10作为一种抗炎因子,能抑制单核巨噬细胞释放IL-1β和TNF-α等炎症因子,降低炎症对脏器造成的损伤(任春芝等,2021),在慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染中能避免肝脏因强烈而持续的免疫反应造成的损伤(Sheiner et al.,2001),在急性肝功能衰竭中也发挥着保护作用(Yumoto et al.,2002)。高剂量(2.2 g/kg)阿朴酯悬浊液损伤小鼠肝肾组织结构后引发炎症,IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-10水平相应显著或极显著升高,炎症发展失控引起机能障碍,进而影响体液免疫功能的正常发挥。IgM是分子量最大的免疫球蛋白,接触抗原后最先产生的抗体,具有抵抗病原侵袭及维持自身免疫平衡的作用,其失控则引起自身免疫病或变态反应(滕静和胡建斌,2020);SIgA在阻挡病原微生物入侵机体的黏膜免疫中发挥重要作用(He et al.,2020);IgG在抗体中的占比最高,是免疫反应发生的基础性物质(Liu et al.,2019)。本研究中,以高剂量(2.2 g/kg)阿朴酯悬浊液连续灌胃21 d后昆明小鼠血清的IgM和SIgA浓度显著降低,可能是阿朴酯损伤了体液免疫系统,致使抗体合成分泌减少,而不利于机体抵御病原侵袭及中和清除抗原。可见,高剂量阿朴酯能降低小鼠的体液免疫水平。

4 结论

阿朴酯颗粒剂属低毒级物质,但高剂量使用时可快速升高血细胞数量,破坏小鼠肝肾组织结构并引起功能障碍,且对体液免疫有抑制作用。因此,建议在家禽生产中不可超量或长期添加,尤其拌料时需保证均匀,避免误食高剂量阿朴酯而造成肝肾等功能损伤。

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