鲤低氧适应性状的全基因组关联分析*
2022-04-11吴碧银曹顶臣张瀚元朱优秀1江炎亮赵紫霞
吴碧银 许 建 曹顶臣 徐 鹏 张瀚元 朱优秀1, 江炎亮 赵紫霞
鲤低氧适应性状的全基因组关联分析*
吴碧银1,2#许 建2#曹顶臣3徐 鹏4张瀚元2朱优秀1,2江炎亮2赵紫霞2①
(1. 上海海洋大学 水产科学国家级实验教学示范中心 上海 201306;2. 中国水产科学研究院 农业农村部水生动物基因组学重点实验室 北京 100141;3. 中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150070;4. 厦门大学海洋与地球学院 福建省海洋生物资源开发利用协同创新中心 福建 厦门 361102)
低氧适应是水产养殖物种的重要性状,筛选用于改良低氧适应性状的分子标记及候选基因有助于鱼类耐低氧品种选育。在数量性状和质量性状的遗传研究中,全基因组关联分析(GWAS)广泛应用于性状相关标记和基因的发掘。本研究对鲤()养殖群体开展了低氧胁迫实验,选取了低氧敏感和低氧耐受的极端性状个体作为研究对象,应用鲤鱼250K高通量分型芯片进行单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点分型,经过数据质控后获得90个样本的87222个多态性位点的分型结果。通过GWAS,筛选到4个低氧适应性状关联的位点:carp229220、carp195901、carp001519和carp063890,在关联位点附近注释到等23个可能与低氧适应性状关联的候选基因;此外,还筛选到7个潜在关联的SNP位点。本研究初步获得了鲤低氧适应性状相关联的基因组区间,为后续效应基因精细定位奠定了基础。
鲤;低氧适应;单核苷酸多态性分型芯片;全基因组关联分析
鲤()是驯化历史较为悠久的物种,出土的新石器时代早期鱼骨比较分析显示,我国鲤鱼养殖历史可追溯到距今8000年以前(Nakajima, 2019)。如今,鲤已成为世界性的养殖品种,养殖地域遍布欧亚大陆,年产量达418.95万t (FAO, 2020),为保障人类粮食安全和营养安全发挥了重要作用。在水生环境中,氧饱和浓度仅为同体积空气中的1/30,且扩散速度缓慢,空间分布不均匀,为适应聚集性养殖条件下的氧供应不足,低氧成为鱼类驯化过程中的高强度选择压力之一,如何从遗传角度解析鲤低氧适应驯化的机制,对于基础研究和育种应用都有重要的意义。
近年来,研究者对多种鱼类开展了低氧适应性状相关研究,从表观遗传、基因表达差异等角度揭示了鱼类在低氧胁迫下的不同应答模式,以及低氧对鱼类生长、发育、繁殖、免疫等生理过程的影响(肖武汉, 2014; Abdel-Tawwab, 2019)。多种不同成因和程度的低氧均可导致摄食下降、生长停滞和疾病易感(Fitzgibbon, 2007; Portner, 2010; Abdel-Tawwab, 2014; Araújo-Luna, 2018)。以海洋青鳉()为对象的研究显示,低氧通过甲基化调控造成跨世代的生殖损伤,即使子代及其生殖细胞从未暴露于低氧环境下,也会因亲代的低氧暴露史而出现性腺发育迟缓(Wang, 2016; Lai, 2019)。在低氧胁迫下,鱼类鳃丝原有的规则形态发生改变,板层排列紊乱和扭曲,细胞异常增生和坏死并存,同时,伴随着渗透压调节的紊乱,离子平衡和酸碱平衡均被打破,进而导致一系列血液生化指标的波动(Cadiz, 2017; Araújo-Luna, 2018; Abdel- Tawwab, 2019)。大量转录组研究(Zhang, 2017; Qi, 2018; Ding, 2020;Qi, 2020)表明,低氧诱导因子(hypoxia inducible factor,)通路是最主要的低氧应答信号通路,典型的差异表达基因还包括促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,),血红素加氧酶(heme oxygenase,)属于负责氧分子转运的珠蛋白家族,参与糖酵解/糖异生、乳酸代谢、丙酮酸代谢、三羧酸循环以及活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)清除等。
本研究聚焦于解析鲤低氧适应性状驯化的遗传机制,应用鲤250K高通量SNP芯片(Xu J, 2014; Xu P, 2014),对鲤养殖群体低氧适应性状开展GWAS分析,定位性状关联位点及其效应基因,旨在为培育鱼类耐低氧品种提供参考。
1 材料与方法
1.1 实验用鱼
松荷鲤()实验群体来源于中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所呼兰试验场。实验个体同批孵化、同池饲养至3月龄[平均体重(107±20) g,平均体长(16.5±2.3) cm],移入室内暂养缸中,25℃暂养7 d使之适应环境。暂养期间,气泵充氧,控制溶解氧浓度>6.0 mg/L,每天早、中、晚各投饵1次。
1.2 低氧胁迫实验
暂养结束后,选取体质健康、体重相近、无外伤、无感染、能够正常游泳和摄食的个体用于低氧胁迫实验。实验鱼分5组,分别置于500 L的塑料缸中,每组260尾个体。实验开始前使用气泵充氧,控制溶解氧浓度>6.0 mg/L,禁食24 h后停止充氧,使溶解氧浓度持续自然下降。使用ORION STAR A223型溶解氧测量仪(Thermo Scientific, 美国),每隔15 min记录溶解氧浓度值,实验开始3 h后,溶解氧浓度降至0.43mg/L,个体陆续缺氧昏迷,按昏迷顺序对实验个体进行编号,移出实验缸。实验开始5 h后,溶解氧浓度稳定在0.27 mg/L,将剩余个体移入50 L封闭玻璃缸,通过调节水量控制溶解氧浓度继续缓慢下降。实验开始10 h后,实验鱼全部昏迷,溶解氧浓度降至0.12 mg/L。
1.3 样本采集与处理
实验鱼按缺氧昏迷顺序编号,记录个体信息并采集静脉血样本,剔除出现外伤或感染的个体,共采集到1243尾有效个体样本。使用动物基因组DNA提取试剂盒(天根DP324-03,中国),提取100尾极端性状个体的血液DNA。其中,每组最早昏迷的10尾个体归为低氧敏感组,5组共计50尾;最晚昏迷的10尾个体归为低氧耐受组,5组共计50尾。
1.4 基因分型和数据质控
挑选电泳条带清晰无拖尾、260 nm/280 nm在1.8~2.0之间、浓度大于100 ng/μL的高质量DNA样本用于SNP分型,满足要求的样本共91个,包括低氧敏感样本43个,低氧耐受样本48个。使用鲤250K高通量SNP芯片(赛默飞世尔Axiom™ carp genotyping array, 美国)进行分型检测,分型实验由纽勤生物科技(上海)有限公司完成,使用Affymetrix Power Tools和SNPolisher软件读取分型数据。分型数据质控标准设置为探针质量≥0.85,SNP分型成功率≥95%,样本分型成功率≥90%,最小等位基因频率≥5%。
1.5 全基因组关联分析
使用PLINK软件进行鲤低氧适应性状GWAS分析,使用“--logistic”和“--adjust”参数,显著性关联位点标准为FDR校正后的<0.05,提示性关联位点标准为0.05≤FDR校正后<0.1。对相关SNP位点的50 kb侧翼区域进行基因注释。使用R语言的CMplot软件包绘制曼哈顿图和Q-Q图。
2 结果
2.1 SNP分型
应用鲤鱼250K高通量分型芯片进行SNP分型,分型及质控结果见表1。基因分型结果显示,91个样本中共获得199577个SNPs原始分型数据,通过质控的样本共90个,包括低氧耐受样本48个,低氧敏感样本42个。质控后得到90个样本的87222个SNPs位点的分型数据进行后续GWAS分析。
表1 基因分型和数据质控结果
Tab.1 Genotyping and data quality control
2.2 全基因组关联分析
考虑到群体分层因素对GWAS的影响,首先对低氧敏感和耐受样本进行主成分分析(图1),可以看出,实验样本中不存在显著的群体分层,群体分层对本研究的影响很小,并在后续关联分析中引入了主成分分析结果进行校正。通过PLINK进行GWAS分析,关联分析结果见表2和表3,包括4个关联位点(carp229220、carp195901、carp001519和carp063890)和7个提示性关联位点(carp000442、carp088568、carp195897、carp188137、carp110811、carp001038和carp051623)。使用R语言的CMplot软件包生成鲤低氧适应性状GWAS分析的Q-Q图和曼哈顿图(图2和图3),比较Q-Q图观测值和期望值的一致性,散点分布与趋势线吻合度较高,可以推测关联分析结果较可靠。从图3可以看出,4个显著性关联位点与7个提示性关联位点成簇分布,大部分位于41号染色体上,表明该基因组区域可能存在与低氧适应性状密切关联的基因。
图1 鲤实验群体主成分分析
2.3 低氧适应性状关联基因注释
为了定位低氧适应性状相关的基因,针对筛选的4个显著关联的SNP位点carp229220、carp195901、carp001519和carp063890,在每个SNP位点的50 kb上下游区域进行基因注释,筛选出23个候选基因(、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、和)。
3 讨论
本研究应用鲤250K高通量SNP芯片对鲤养殖群体低氧适应性状开展GWAS分析,筛查低氧适应性状的显著性关联SNP位点,定位低氧适应性状的关联基因。该芯片是本课题组于2014年开发完成的,是鲤的第一个高通量基因分型平台。经过鲤的多个品系的评估,25万个SNP位点中有近3/4 (199577个)被证明在鲤中是多态性的。此外,鲤SNP芯片还在近缘物种中进行了验证,获得了2万~5万个多态性位点。该SNP芯片对鲤及其近缘物种的性状解析和多态性评估等研究具有重要价值(Xu J, 2014)。
图2 鲤低氧适应性状GWAS关联分析的Q-Q图和密度图
Fig.2 Q-Q plot and SNP-density plot of genome-wide association of hypoxia adaptation trait of common carp
图3 鲤低氧适应性状GWAS关联分析的曼哈顿图
在GWAS分析中,如果样本中存在不同的群体分层结构,会对关联分析的结果产生显著影响,造成基因组膨胀系数(genomic inflation factor, GIF)的增加和假阳性的出现。主成分分析可以通过对群体的基因分型结果降维,提取主要的几个主成分,并直观地观察到群体内部的分层现象。本研究中主成分分析结果显示,群体分层对关联分析结果影响很小。使用PLINK软件进行GWAS分析时,由于本研究的低氧适应性状为二项式性状(敏感和耐受),所以,采用逻辑(logistic)回归分析,并将主成分分析的结果(前5个主成分)作为辅因子,进行结果的校正。对于GWAS分析后原始值的分布,通过绘制Q-Q图分析值的观测值和期望值的一致性,如果偏离趋势线太多,则提示可能有群体分层等因素影响分析的准确性,本研究的Q-Q图提示研究的可靠性较高,SNP密度图也显示分析用的8万多个位点较均匀地分布在50个染色体上。
在自然群体数量性状GWAS的研究报道中,通常会筛选到几十个到数百个关联位点,而本研究只定位到4个SNP位点,这与所采用的实验群体有关。实验用鱼为松荷鲤养殖群体,这一品种是利用多元杂交选育技术培育的鲤鱼品种,选育亲本来源包括镜鲤()、荷包红鲤()和黑龙江野鲤(),主要选育目标为抗寒和生长(石连玉等, 2012)。由于其亲本品种间存在低氧适应性状的明显差异,特别是历经长期高强度驯化的镜鲤为低氧耐受品种,而荷包红鲤为地方原种,低氧耐受能力相对较弱(赵紫霞等, 2014),在新品种松荷鲤个体间存在低氧适应性状的显著差异,其遗传基础为来源于镜鲤基因组的少量低氧适应驯化位点。
通过全基因组关联分析筛查到的4个显著性关联位点中,carp229220和carp001519为同义突变,carp195901为非编码区突变,carp063890位于一个抗原提呈相关转运蛋白Tapasin编码序列内,可能并非真正的效应位点。目前,在显著性关联位点附近注释到23个功能基因,肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子(TNF receptor associated factors,)编码一类具有胞内信号转导功能的蛋白,它们介导了多种生物学功能,包括先天性和获得性免疫应答、胚胎发育、应激反应和骨代谢(胡宸曦, 2020)。肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子4 (TNF receptor associated factor 4,)是家族中比较特殊的一员,生物学功能多且复杂,参与调控nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 (mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPK)等低氧相关信号通路(王沂等, 2015)。韩雪晴等(2019)通过亚细胞定位和双荧光素酶报告基因研究发现,在293T细胞中主要定位于细胞质,可增强NF-κB活性。过氧化物氧化还原酶(peroxiredoxin,)基因家族编码具有过氧化氢酶活性的抗氧化蛋白,在生物体中参与多个与活性氧相关的信号通路,参与氧活性物质清除和细胞保护(丁婷婷等, 2020)。朱珍珍(2017)利用CRISPR/Cas9技术对斑马鱼()家族进行敲除,分别获得、和缺陷突变体,使用15 mmol/L的H2O2处理发现,斑马鱼缺陷的胚胎耐受胁迫能力降低。此外,脂肪醛脱氢酶(fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase,)基因产物参与无氧代谢,候选基因中还包含多个具体功能未知的信号转导分子(如、和)和转录调控因子(如、和),均与低氧应答或低氧损伤修复相关,可能贡献于低氧适应表型。此外,除了carp063890位于scaffold1133,未能装配至特定染色体,其余3个位点均定位于41号染色体,表明该染色体区域存在与低氧适应性状密切关联的基因。
本研究初步筛选了低氧适应性状的关联位点,注释了这些位点附近可能参与低氧适应调控通路的基因,为下一步开展区域内效应基因精细定位、基因表达和功能分析等研究奠定了基础,后续将通过低氧转录组分析、QTL定位等手段,筛查导致性状差异的效应基因及基因型,开展深入功能分析,为探索鲤低氧适应性状的分子机理和鱼类耐低氧品种选育提供借鉴。
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Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Hypoxia Adaptation Traits in Common Carp ()
WU Biyin1,2#, XU Jian2#, CAO Dingchen3, XU Peng4, ZHANG Hanyuan2, ZHU Youxiu1,2, JIANG Yanliang2, ZHAO Zixia2①
(1. National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China; 3. Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150070, China; 4. College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China)
To reveal the genetic mechanism underlying hypoxia adaptation, it is important to identify the molecular markers and candidate genes associated with hypoxia adaptation traits. Genome-wide association studies (GWSA) are frequently used in the genetic dissection of both quantitative traits and qualitative traits, while a large number of molecular markers and samples are needed. In this study, the GWSA of the hypoxia adaptation traits of common carp () was conducted. A total of 1243 samples were collected for the hypoxia stress experiment, and individuals with extreme traits in the hypoxia experiment were selected as the preliminary screening samples. The Carp 250 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array was used for genotyping, generating genotypes of 199577 SNPs for 91 samples. After quality control with a genotyping call rate of over 95% and a sample call rate of 90%, a total of 87222 SNPs and 90 samples were obtained for the association analysis. A principal component analysis (PCA) showed no population stratification in the samples from both the sensitive and tolerant groups. Taking the PCA results as a covariance, a logistic regression was used for the association test with a threshold of the false discovery rate value of 0.05. Four associated SNPs for hypoxia adaptation traits (carp229220, carp195901, carp001519, and carp063890) were identified, and 23 genes were found in the neighboring regions of the four SNPs, including TNF receptor-associated factor 4 (), fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (), peroxiredoxin 5 (), estrogen-related receptor gamma (), guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit gamma-3 (), G-protein coupled receptor 12 (), general transcription factor 3C polypeptide 4 (), transcription factor SOX-30 (), and transcription elongation (). Additionally, seven SNPs passed the suggestive line, which could be validated in future research with larger samples. Putative genomic regions related to hypoxia adaptation for domesticated common carp were obtained in this study, which shed new light on the fine mapping and identification of causative genes and the underlying mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation.
Common carp; Hypoxia adaptation; SNP array; Genome-wide association study
ZHAO Zixia, E-mail: zhaozx@cafs.ac.cn
S917.4
A
2095-9869(2022)02-0098-09
10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20201218002
* 国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900102)和中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2020TD24; 2015C007)共同资助 [This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2018YFD0900102), and Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS (2020TD24; 2015C007)].
#共同第一作者:吴碧银,E-mail: wuby1619@126.com;许 建,E-mail: xuj@cafs.ac.cn
赵紫霞,副研究员,E-mail: zhaozx@cafs.ac.cn
2020-12-18,
2021-01-25
吴碧银, 许建, 曹顶臣, 徐鹏, 张瀚元, 朱优秀, 江炎亮, 赵紫霞. 鲤低氧适应性状的全基因组关联分析. 渔业科学进展, 2022, 43(2): 98–106
WU B Y, XU J, CAO D C, XU P, ZHANG H Y, ZHU Y X, JIANG Y L, ZHAO Z X. Genome-wide association analysis of hypoxia adaptation traits in common carp (). Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2022, 43(2): 98–106
(编辑 冯小花)