运动对疫苗免疫应答影响的研究进展
2022-04-06乔玉成
乔玉成
摘 要:对近20年来国内外有关运动干预影响疫苗接种后免疫应答的效应、机制进行系统分析,结果发现:在疫苗接种前或疫苗接种后进行急、慢性运动干预,可促进机体免疫系统对疫苗产生更好免疫应答反应,使疫苗接种后的抗体滴度水平更高,提升速度更快,且对宿主的免疫保护作用更持久,尤其是在年老、体弱、多病和女性人群中效果更明显,同时还可减轻疫苗接种后产生的不良反应,其机制与运动能够加快血液循环、增加循环血液中的白细胞数量、改变组织中细胞因子或趋化因子含量和淋巴循环,以及运动引起肌纤维微细损伤造成的炎性环境有关。研究结论对当前全球人口正在进行的新冠肺炎疫苗接种具有启示性意义。
关 键 词运动医学;免疫应答;疫苗接种;运动干预;行为佐剂
中图分类号:G804.5 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-7116(2022)01-0138-07
QIAO Yucheng
(School of Health and Sports,Xi’an Fanyi University,Xi’an 710105,China)
In order to systematically analyze and explore the effects and mechanisms of domestic and foreign sports interventions on the immune response after vaccination in the past 20 years, the results find that acute and chronic exercise interventions before or after vaccination can promote the body's immune system to produce a better immune response to the vaccine, make the titer of the antibody higher after vaccination, and increase faster, as well as have a longer-lasting immune protection effect on the host, especially in the elderly, frail, sick and female populations. At the same time, it can also alleviate the adverse reactions of vaccination. Its mechanism was related to inflammatory environment caused by exercise that can speed up blood circulation, increase the number of white blood cells in the circulating blood, change the content of cytokines or chemokines in the tissues and lymphatic circulation, as well as exercises that cause fine muscle fiber damage. The conclusions are beneficial to understand and participate in the current COVID-19 vaccination for the global population nowadays.
sports medicine;immune response;vaccine inoculation;exercise intervention;behavioral adjuvant
接種疫苗是预防传染病最为有效和最具成本-效益的方法,同时也是消灭各类传染性疾病大流行最主要的医学干预策略。然而,接种疫苗的效果不但会受疫苗本身(疫苗类型、效力、质量、剂量、不良反应)和给药方式方法(接种疫苗的时间、部位、途径)的影响,还会受诸如宿主(例如年龄、性别、健康状况、免疫力水平、疾病、心理健康状况、对疫苗的敏感程度)、环境(地理位置、季节)、行为(吸烟、饮酒、运动、睡眠)和营养等多种因素的影响,使个体对疫苗的免疫应答反应存在很大差异。为增强疫苗的接种效果,临床上常常会在疫苗接种前或疫苗接种的同时使用免疫增强剂——佐剂(能够非特异性地改变或增强机体对抗原特异性免疫应答、发挥辅助作用的一类物质),以刺激单核吞噬细胞对抗原的递呈能力和淋巴细胞分化,增强机体对抗原的免疫应答反应。有趣的是,运动也具有增强疫苗诱导的免疫应答作用,对疫苗接种后的免疫效应和减轻不良反应具备潜在有益作用,常被喻为疫苗接种的“行为佐剂”。本研究将对这种“行为佐剂”的免疫增强效应及其机制研究进展进行综述:一是明确运动作为一种行为佐剂,究竟能在多大程度上对疫苗诱导的免疫应答效应产生作用;二是为目前正在大面积接种新冠肺炎疫苗的人群增强疫苗接种效果提供新方法,以尽快遏制新冠肺炎在全球肆虐流行之势。
1 运动对疫苗诱导免疫反应的影响
1.1 免疫应答效应
研究表明,身体活动(体育锻炼)作为一种“行为佐剂”具有增强疫苗接种后免疫应答的作用。动物实验发现,将短期适度运动训练作为一种温和佐剂与疱疹疫苗接种相结合可能会增强细胞介导的免疫反应,尤其是Th1反应。小鼠在鼻内流感病毒暴露4 h后,以中等强度运动20~30 min,可使其存活率显著提高(运动组,82%;对照组,43%)。横断面调查研究显示,接种流感疫苗后走路步数越多的人外周血中的单核细胞和血浆母细胞扩增越多,单核细胞或巨噬细胞的吞噬作用越强,对B型流感抗体的诱导作用越强。关联性研究显示,身体活动水平与接种流感疫苗产生的特异性抗体呈正相关关系。随机对照试验证实,参加规律的体育锻炼可以提高机体对流感疫苗的应答反应;接受常规训练的精英运动员在接种流感疫苗后响应特异性抗原的T细胞扩增和抗体诱导反应更强;与对照组相比,接受10个月有氧运动干预后,接种三价流感疫苗的老年人对甲型流感病毒H1N1和H3N2株的抗体效价更高,血清保护效益更强。一项荟萃分析表明,习惯性身体活动可使社区疫苗接种者获得性传染病风险降低31%(OR=0.69,95% CI:0.61~0.78,6项研究,=557,487),传染病死亡率风险降低37%(OR=0.64,95% CI:0.59~0.70,4项研究,=422,813),还可使CD4细胞计数和唾液免疫球蛋白IgA浓度增加,由此可见习惯性身体活动可以增强疫苗接种的效力。
1.2 运动方式
现有文献表明,暴露于急性或慢性运动均能显著增强疫苗接种后的免疫应答反应,但不同运动类型、运动强度、持续时间以及运动频率之间存在较大差异,身体活动水平通常与流感疫苗接种后的抗体反应呈正相关。Whitham和Blannin比较了身体活动活跃者与久坐者接种流感疫苗12个月后的抗体水平,发现身体活动活跃者IgG水平更高。
从运动形式上看,急性和慢性运动对疫苗免疫应答效应均有积极作用。研究表明,长时间适度有氧运动可以增强机体对流感和肺炎疫苗接种的免疫反应,且其效应大小与基线抗体浓度之间存在正相关关系。另外,研究还发现,即使在接种疫苗前进行一次中等强度运动也可能增强年轻人和老年人对疫苗接种的免疫反应。例如,接种前完成马拉松运动的受试者在接种破伤风类毒素疫苗后血清抗体滴度较高;在接种流感疫苗前进行45 min中等强度自行车运动可以增强年轻人的抗体反应;在疫苗接种前将急性运动作为佐剂,可增强老年女性对H1N1疫苗的抗体反应。动物实验也发现,接种疫苗后立即进行90 min中等强度运动的小鼠,其免疫应答反应显著增强,提示运动可以用作疫苗接种的佐剂。
从运动项目看,目前研究主要集中在有氧运动,如快步走、慢跑、骑自行车等。还有研究显示,习练太极和气功也有助于增强流感疫苗接种后的抗体反应,但不支持抗阻运动对增强疫苗接种后的免疫应答效应。例如,一项系统评价的亚组分析显示:纳入亚组分析的3项研究显示长期或急性抗阻运动均不会增强机体对流感或肺炎疫苗接种的免疫反应,作者推测其机制可能与抗阻运动会降低淋巴液流速,从而削弱其辅助作用有关。
从运动强度、持续时间和频率看,大多数研究认为,中等强度、每次运动持续30~60 min、每周3~5次的运动处方可能效果更好。例如,Woods等研究发现,在流感疫苗接种前每周进行3次中等强度身体锻炼(60%~70% VOmax,每次45~60 min,持續4个月)可以显著改善流感疫苗接种后的免疫应答反应,并可显著延长流感疫苗接种后血清抗体保护作用的持续时间(24周)。还有研究表明,每周进行3次中等强度体育锻炼活动,可促使流感疫苗抗体效价显著提高;与接种疫苗前休息或参加剧烈运动者相比,接种疫苗前进行中等强度体育锻炼可能会提高受试者疫苗接种的初始免疫反应。一篇综述研究也指出,定期进行中等强度锻炼可以增强B细胞记忆的二级抗体反应,认为中等强度运动是预防接种后再次感染的重要辅助策略。基于此,有研究者提出在进行新冠肺炎疫苗接种前的几周和几个月内,定期进行有氧运动或中等强度体育锻炼可能会帮助改善老年人接种疫苗后的抗体反应,建议年龄在60岁及以上老年人在接种疫苗前,应坚持进行各种形式体育锻炼,例如每周至少进行2次快步走。但也有研究显示,短时间剧烈运动可能效果更好。例如,Kohut等将62岁以上成年人分为3组:积极运动组(每周3次或更多次20 min或以上的剧烈运动);中等活动组(定期运动,但强度、频率和持续时间较低);久坐组(非运动者)。疫苗接种后2周进行抗体分析,并用流感疫苗体外培养外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)以诱导抗原特异性反应(增殖和细胞因子[IL-2,IFN-γ,IL-10]的产生)。结果显示,与中等强度身体活动或久坐参与者相比,积极运动组的抗流感IgG和IgM更高,久坐受试者外周血单个核细胞增殖最低,提示只有进行定期、剧烈的有氧运动才能对流感疫苗接种产生更大免疫反应。还有研究发现,要想增强机体对疫苗接种后的抗体反应,单次45 min的中等强度步行锻炼可能无效,往往需要更高运动强度来刺激。DE Araújo等仍然认为,中等强度和剧烈运动都能表现出更高的抗体反应。此外,Schuler和Keylock发现,老年人参加体育活动的频率与疫苗接种后的免疫应答反应呈正相关关系。与过去至少2年没有定期参加体育锻炼的同龄人相比,每周进行2次或以上有氧运动且时间至少2年的老年男性表现出疫苗接种后的抗体水平更高。另有研究发现,经过12周生活方式干预后,虽然实验组妇女每日步数有所增加,但与对照组相比对肺炎球菌疫苗接种后的免疫应答反应并没有差异,作者推测可能与运动干预强度不够或持续时间太短,无法影响身体免疫功能有关。
1.3 人口学特征
关于运动对疫苗接种后免疫应答效果的影响,许多研究者提出可能存在性别差异。一般来说,女性比男性表现出更大抗体反应。例如,一项针对流感疫苗接种前离心运动对疫苗接种后接种者抗体和细胞介导的免疫反应影响的随机对照试验发现,离心运动对男性和女性在疫苗接种后的免疫应答反应上会产生不同效果,即男性受试者干扰素-γ反应增强,女性受试者抗体滴度升高。Ranadive等指出,急性适度有氧运动对健康老年男性没有免疫刺激作用,但可作为老年女性的疫苗佐剂。Edwards等研究表明,只有女性在将运动作为流感疫苗的佐剂时才能显著增强其免疫反应。但也有研究发现与对照组相比,经常参加中等强度或剧烈体育锻炼的男性(65~85岁),也会在流感疫苗接种后表现出更高抗体反应。
从年龄上看,一项针对大学生的研究表明,流感疫苗接种前或接种后增加身体活动有助于改善机体对疫苗的应答反应。但也有研究发现,在年轻健康成年人群中运动并不能进一步提高针对流感疫苗接种的抗体效价。此外,随着年龄增长,老年人的免疫功能会出现增龄性衰退,接种疫苗后产生抗体反应的能力较弱。因此,对老年人群来说,疫苗接种后的免疫应答可能是一个挑战。研究表明,经常参加体育锻炼能够延缓免疫衰老进程,增强老年人对肺炎球菌、脑膜炎球菌和流感疫苗接种后的免疫应答。与久坐不动的老年女性相比,身体活动活跃的老年女性在接种流感疫苗后,除单核细胞和巨噬细胞吞噬功能相关基因上调外,浆母细胞和疫苗特异性B细胞反应更强,同时单核细胞反应与甲型H1N1流感疫苗接種后H1N1 HAI滴度之间呈显著正相关。其在18个月后的第2次疫苗接种随访中显示出更高的抗流感B抗体诱导能力,表明身体活动能让其在H1N1流感疫苗接种后具有更好的抗体持久性。还有研究表明,即使每3周1次的有氧运动,也同样有助于提高老年人接种流感疫苗后针对H1N1和H3N2菌株的抗体效价。Kohut报道,参加体育锻炼能显著提高老年人对流感疫苗的免疫应答反应,使体内的IgG和TgM显著升高。随机对照实验发现,从事太极拳和气功习练的老年人在流感疫苗接种第3周和第20周,抗体滴度明显高于基线,而对照组则没有出现这种情况。涉及老年人8项研究的荟萃分析也表明,经常参加体育锻炼的成年人或接受运动训练的人群接种疫苗后免疫应答反应更大。
2 运动对疫苗接种后不良反应的影响
与疫苗接种相关的不良反应(疼痛、肿胀和发红)被认为是疫苗接种顺从性的主要障碍,但很少有人关注减少其发生的干预措施。研究表明,运动作为行为佐剂,不仅能够通过增强疫苗接种效果预防感染,而且可以改善疫苗接种后出现的各种不良反应。
研究发现,所有的疫苗都会挑战身体免疫系统。疫苗接种后炎性标志物会在数小时内出现,这归因于非特异性的先天免疫反应,这些炎症介质会导致接种者产生诸如嗜睡、不适和易怒等不良反应。随机对照试验发现,在流感疫苗接种前接受运动干预者,在接种疫苗后48 h内全身不良反应事件发生率更低。Kapas等将116名接种HPV疫苗(人乳头瘤病毒疫苗)的青少年随机分配到对照组(=56)或锻炼组(=60),锻炼组进行15 min的上半身锻炼。结果发现,锻炼组青少年局部压痛的天数显著低于对照组(<0.05),自我报告疼痛或感到不适的天数较少,食欲不振的症状较轻。另外,Kapas等还将78名接受流感疫苗的年轻人随机分配到对照组(=19)、疫苗接种前臂组(=19),疫苗接种小腿组(=20)或疫苗接种上臂组(=20)。锻炼包括在接种疫苗之前或之后进行15 min的手臂或腿部锻炼,所有参与者均在接种后7 d填写不良反应日志。结果发现,接受运动干预的3组受试者局部肿胀天数、发烧天数和食欲下降天数均显著低于对照组(<0.05)。上述2项独立试验研究结果提示,即使短暂运动也可减少疫苗接种后局部和全身的不良反应。Lee等以学校为基础的HPV疫苗接种计划期间,研究运动对青少年疫苗接种后疼痛、焦虑和恐惧的影响,结果发现运动组青少年报告的疼痛程度显著低于对照组,研究支持在大规模疫苗接种前进行运动干预的必要性。此外,一项针对老年人接受流感疫苗前进行45 min中等强度运动干预研究也发现,与对照组相比,接受运动干预老年人的不良反应——包括注射部位的疼痛、发红、肿胀或其他症状明显减轻。
3 运动影响疫苗诱导免疫应答反应的潜在机制
关于运动如何诱导疫苗接种后免疫应答反应的潜在机制尚未得到广泛研究,目前普遍认为运动可能通过加速血液循环,增加循环血液中的白细胞数量,改变组织中细胞因子或趋化因子含量和淋巴循环增强疫苗接种后的免疫应答反应。
研究表明,运动可通过神经内分泌机制引起循环血液中的白细胞(包括单核细胞、树突状细胞)和抗原呈递细胞增多,促使这些免疫细胞向抗原暴露部位迁移,同时还可促进淋巴循环,有利于抗原向淋巴结转运并在淋巴结中被淋巴细胞识别,进而增强免疫应答反应。还有研究认为,运动作为疫苗佐剂的潜在机制涉及运动诱导肌肉细胞中IL-6的增加。动物实验表明,IL-6与疫苗共同给药可完全保护小鼠免受流感病毒的致命性攻击。疫苗接种后6周时IL-6应答的程度也与抗体应答相关。人体试验研究表明,离心运动引起的肌肉拉长可导致肌纤维和结缔组织的内部结构受损,进而引起血浆肌酸激酶大量增加,受损局部炎症反应和延迟性肌肉酸痛。据推测,这种由离心运动引起的肌肉损伤可导致炎症介质水平增高,为组织创造了一种促炎环境,而炎性环境可能是一种特别有效的佐剂,可激活树突状细胞和其他免疫细胞,进而增强机体疫苗接种后的免疫反应,这种潜在机制已被多项人体试验研究所证实。
此外,据可靠证据表明,压力、沮丧、孤独和不健康的行为会削弱免疫系统对疫苗的应答反应,并降低某些疫苗的有效性。即使在疫苗接种之前或之后的几天,抑郁和心理压力也可以成为机体对疫苗应答反应强有力的预测指标,且这种影响在老年、低收入等弱势群体中尤为明显,并在多种类型疫苗接种中普遍存在。美国人口普查局调查数据显示,与2019年初的调查数据相比,2020年4—5月美国新冠肺炎大流行初期成年人抑郁症或焦虑症筛查呈阳性者是2019年初的3倍。同样,一项在线调查也显示,在2020年2月中国COVID-19暴发期间,普通人群中具有临床意义的广泛性焦虑症状、抑郁症状和睡眠质量差的患病率分别为35%、20%和18%。最新研究表明,在接种新冠肺炎疫苗前进行运动和睡个好觉可以增强免疫系统,有助于加快疫苗接种后的免疫应答反应,同时还可以降低冠状病毒疫苗的副作用。如减轻疼痛反应,减轻状态焦虑,其机制可能与运动能够引起内源性阿片样物质系统激活,5-羟色胺释放以及促炎和抗炎细胞因子的产生增加有关。
综上所述,急性和慢性运动作为疫苗的行为佐剂均可有效改善对疫苗接种的免疫应答反应,尤其是对疫苗接种反应欠佳的个体,具有简便、安全等方面的优势,其初步研究结论令人鼓舞,为新冠肺炎疫苗接种人群积极参加体育锻炼提供了新的依据。尽管如此,目前研究在质量和数量方面仍存在较大局限。例如,运動作为佐剂的作用机制,其类型、强度、持续时间及频率与疫苗应答反应的量效关系以及引起最大免疫刺激作用的慢性或急性运动在不同人群中的最佳运动方案还有待确定,需要进一步了解体育锻炼如何影响抗原呈递细胞(例如树突状细胞)的功能,因为这些细胞在接种疫苗后获得抗原“记忆”中至关重要,而且运动与其他物理措施(例如按摩)、睡眠、营养或药物佐剂结合方面的相关知识仍存在许多空白。另外,运动作为行为佐剂用于其他疫苗研究所得出的结论,推论到新冠肺炎疫苗接种时提出的运动建议是否合适,还需要临床随机对照试验予以验证。特别是除了疫苗接种前几周或几个月的常规锻炼之外,在新冠疫苗接种前的几个小时内进行急性锻炼,或疫苗接种后一周内进行体育锻炼是否会改善疫苗接种的免疫应答反应,需要进一步研究来确认,这些是当前亿万新冠肺炎疫苗接种者迫切需要了解的科学问题。
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