APP下载

抹茶的品质、健康功效及其应用研究进展

2022-03-09栗芳斓朱将雄魏新林王元凤

关键词:加工工艺品质应用

栗芳斓 朱将雄 魏新林 王元凤

摘  要: 近年来,抹茶因其独特的风味而受到世界许多消费者的青睐.饮食抹茶具有多种健康功效.该文综述了抹茶的加工方式对抹茶品质的潜在影响、抹茶的健康功效及其相关产品的研发现状,以期为抹茶的深入研究与发展提供参考.

关键词: 抹茶; 加工工艺; 化学组成; 品质; 健康功效; 应用

中图分类号: TS 272.2    文献标志码: A    文章编号: 1000-5137(2022)01-0110-09

In recent years, Matcha has attracted more attention from many consumers worldwidely due to its unique flavor. Drinking or eating Matcha has multiple health efficacies. Herein, this paper reviewed the potential effects of Matcha processing methods on Matcha quality, the health efficacies of Matcha, and the current R&D situation of its related products, in order to provide scientific basis for its further research and development.

Matcha; processing technique; chemical composition; quality; health efficacy

随着人们对健康生活的追求愈加强烈,全球的绿茶市场正快速增长,至2023年,绿茶产量预计可达10年前的2倍.饮食茶类具有多种健康益处,例如降血压、保护神经、改善记忆力和注意力、降脂减肥等.抹茶是一种未经发酵的茶粉,由遮荫几周的茶树嫩芽制成,起源于中国魏晋时期,盛兴于宋朝,14—16世纪在日本广泛传播.食用抹茶时,通常会食用其所有成分,包括水溶性和非水溶性部分,这是其独特之处.

抹茶与普通绿茶均来自相同的山茶植物,但其种植及加工方式与普通绿茶截然不同.与全日照栽培的其他类型茶相比,抹茶一般在采摘前20 d需对茶树实施覆盖处理,降低紫外线辐射,保持良好通风.若茶叶长时间暴露于光照下,则其中的茶氨酸会分解为谷氨酸和乙胺,因此,與未遮荫的茶叶相比,遮荫生长的抹茶中茶氨酸含量较高.根据气温及茶叶长势确定原料茶覆盖时间的长短,确保15~20 d的覆盖期.高含量的茶氨酸、咖啡因及低含量的儿茶素增强了抹茶的“鲜味”和适口性,并降低了苦味.本文主要综述了国内外关于抹茶的品质、健康功效及应用的研究进展,以期为进一步挖掘抹茶活性及开发抹茶产品提供参考.

1  抹茶的品质

抹茶的加工工艺一般包括采摘遮荫栽培的茶树鲜叶、杀青、干燥、超微粉碎等步骤,不同的加工方式对抹茶品质的影响如表1所示.

表1 抹茶不同的加工方式及其对应的优缺点

加工方式

优点

缺点

参考

文献

遮荫

钢架式大棚覆盖

鲜叶嫩度高,色泽翠绿,游离氨基酸、酚氨比、叶绿素含量均较高;通透性好,叶片不易损伤

技术与成本要求较高

[9-11]

小拱棚式

(1行)覆盖

抹茶呈淡绿色,品质好于直接覆盖遮荫,差于钢架式大棚.通透性好,叶片不易损伤

直接覆盖

咖啡因含量较高,口感厚重;操作简便,成本较低

叶片容易损伤,嫩芽在高温时易被灼伤

遮荫

时长

7 d

游离氨基酸与茶多酚含量高

酚氨比高,滋味苦涩,茶香淡

[12]

20 d

总糖含量较高

游离氨基酸与咖啡因含量较低,风味较差

25 d

酚氨比低,滋味鲜爽,色泽鲜绿

粉碎

卧式连续式撞击粉碎

抹茶亮度、显绿程度佳,粒径小(12.23 μm),均匀性好,细胞破碎率达100%

Pd,Cd污染严重

[13-15]

石磨粉碎

抹茶叶绿素a、叶绿素总量高,维生素C(VC)含量高,加工时间短,机械温度低

成本高,产量小

球磨粉碎

抹茶茶多酚、儿茶素含量高,重金属污染小,品质高

抹茶粒径大(20.78 μm)

气流粉碎

产能高、速度快、成本低,粒度分布集中,粉碎过程中物料温度低

Al污染严重,对成分破坏大,抹茶色泽差;加工过程噪声大,耗电量大,加工回收率低

研磨粉碎

粉碎时间短,粒径分布范围窄,表面吸附力、固香性强

粉碎得到的抹茶粒径大(18~23 μm)

杀青

微波杀青

成本低,易操作,最大程度保留成分

[11,16]

炒青

色泽绿润,香气高长, Zn,Cu含量高;游离氨基酸、咖啡因、可溶性蛋白较高

蒸汽杀青

穿透力强,杀青时间短,有效固定抹茶中营养成分与香气物质,抹茶水分及水浸出物含量较高

色泽较暗

加工方式对抹茶化学组成的影响

国标GB/T 34778—2017中规定:抹茶是以覆盖栽培的茶树鲜叶,经蒸汽(或热风)杀青、干燥后制成的叶片为原料,经研磨工艺加工而成的微粉状茶产品.由于免受阳光直射,抹茶中叶绿素及茶氨酸含量较高,且维生素C含量超出普通绿茶的2倍,这赋予了抹茶明亮且鲜艳的色泽.由于茶树的芽与幼叶(光照少)中的咖啡因较成熟叶(光照充足)更高,抹茶中咖啡因含量比一般茶叶要高.

杀青是茶叶加工中的一道重要工序,常见的杀青方式有蒸汽杀青(蒸青)和炒杀青(炒青)两种.CAI等采用蒸青和炒青两种方式对抹茶茶叶原料进行杀青,结合感官评定和理化成分分析等对富硒抹茶进行了研究,结果表明采用蒸青方式能够更好地固定富硒抹茶中的硒元素、茶多酚、总糖等主要营养物质和香气物质.此外,研究表明不同研磨方式会影响抹茶中金属元素的浓度分布.采用卧式撞击粉碎和电动石磨粉碎的抹茶产品中,铁含量比原料分别增加了1.4倍和1.1倍;而镁含量均有所下降,原因在于粉碎过程中原料间相互摩擦产热,造成茶叶中含镁叶绿素脱镁.

加工方式对抹茶风味的影响

遮荫能提高茶树碳代谢与氮代谢水平,降低了具有涩味与收敛性的茶多酚的含量,增加了赋予抹茶鲜爽口感的茶氨酸的含量.遮蔭茶叶中,类胡萝卜素含量是露天栽培茶叶的1.5倍(类胡萝卜素是一些香气物质合成的前体).抹茶因遮荫覆盖而产生独特的海苔香,而这种香气的主要特征物质为1-戊烯-3-醇及二甲基硫醚.DONG等的研究结果表明:遮荫后夏茶新梢叶片中游离香气成分增加了84%,且有利于茶叶品质的芳樟醇、香叶醇等香气成分,以及呈青草气的顺-3-己烯醇等物质的含量有所增加.

杀青、干燥过程中的高温环境能促进抹茶中异戊醛、2-甲基丁醛、2-乙基呋喃等特征物质的产生,赋予了抹茶烘炒香味.日本抹茶采用蒸汽杀青的工艺,在杀青过程中,茶叶中会产生大量的氧化物、酮类化合物和类胡萝卜素等物质,这也是抹茶具有特殊香味和口感的原因.

2  抹茶的健康功效

抹茶中含有丰富的茶氨酸、茶多酚、芦丁、咖啡因以及叶绿素等基本成分,赋予了抹茶多种活性功能,如抗氧化、抗炎、降脂降血糖等(图1).

FX_GRP_ID80003661

图1 抹茶的健康功效

抗氧化

FUJIOKA等研究发现抹茶中儿茶素含量较高,从而对氧自由基的保护作用明显高于正常茶叶.儿茶素具有中和自由基并增强解毒酶活性的能力,包括谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化氢还原酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶,因此具有出色的抗氧化活性.活性氧(ROS)可导致蛋白质、脂质和DNA的破坏,儿茶素可保护细胞抵抗ROS的攻击,继而防止机体和大脑细胞的早衰.抹茶与金枪鱼油的复配研究发现:抹茶中儿茶素的损失量与12周后二十碳五烯酸(EPA,鱼油的主要成分)及二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的残留率呈极显著正相关(<0.01),表明抹茶的儿茶素对金枪鱼油具有良好的抗氧化保护功效.GRZESIK等报道儿茶素比谷胱甘肽、维生素C和类黄酮具有更强的抗氧化能力,在维持细胞氧化还原稳态中起到关键作用.抹茶中的芦丁水平(质量分数)高达159.0 mg/100 g,而荞麦作为人类饮食中芦丁最丰富的来源之一,其芦丁水平(质量分数)为62.3 mg/100 g.芦丁是一种多酚类物质,具有抗氧化活性,可与维生素C协同作用支持循环系统并防止氧化应激.据报道,抹茶中叶绿素a和叶绿素b的质量分数分别约为4.09×10和1.42×10,而普通绿茶中平均叶绿素质量分数仅为1.20×10.叶绿素及其衍生物具有较强的抗氧化活性,抹茶中的叶绿素b比叶绿素a抗氧化活性更强.YAO研究发现,相对于低浓度乙醇提取物,高浓度乙醇抹茶提取物表现出更强的抗氧化活性.然而该实验并未将抹茶与其他茶类进行对比.与等量的散叶茶及袋装茶相比,抹茶对ROS的清除作用更强.

抗  炎

与其他绿茶相比,抹茶的咖啡因含量较高.MITANI等的研究表明,咖啡因能够抑制促炎细胞因子的分泌,显示出良好的抗炎效果.抹茶中的儿茶素通过抑制脂氧合酶来抑制体内急性炎症,进而抑制急性炎症和组胺诱导的体内渗出.此外,抹茶中表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)可调整IRS/Akt和Erk/CREB/BDNF等相关炎症信号通路的表达,以减轻神经炎症,并通过抑制免疫系统中促炎因子的产生来预防机体发生的炎症.芦丁在抹茶中含量较高,可激活机体免疫系统应答,具有抗炎特性.

降脂降血糖

抹茶能抑制脂肪细胞的异常肥大,及血清中血糖、总甘油三酯、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白的异常升高,有效调控葡萄糖耐量、脂肪量及血脂异常.摄取抹茶在显著降低血糖水平的同时,还提高了血清和肝脏中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MAD)含量.此外,血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性表明:抹茶可逆转由高脂饮食引起的氧化应激.其原因可能是食用抹茶时会摄入水不溶性成分,而这些成分中含有大量的纤维.一般而言,高纤维饮食可以降低血液中血清总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)的水平,也可有效控制体重,改善血糖和脂质水平并增强抗氧化活性.WILLEM的研究表明:饮用抹茶饮料的女性与未饮用的相比,在30 min的轻快步行中脂肪氧化显著增强,从而形成较低的呼吸交换率.SCHRÖDER等测定了抹茶水提物中槲皮素的质量浓度为1.2 mg∙mL,略高于传统绿茶(1.1 mg∙mL),而槲皮素可抑制胃肠道对葡萄糖的吸收、调节胰岛素分泌及改善组织中胰岛素敏感性,继而维持碳水化合物代谢正常化.

抗  癌

抹茶通过降低线粒体的代谢及糖酵解,进而使癌细胞保持在新陈代谢的静止状态.SCHRÖDER等通过分析抹茶中的EGCG和槲皮素,发现其对雌激素受体阳性和阴性的乳腺癌细胞生长都有显著的抑制功效.EGCG是一种良好的抗癌候选药物,能够调节抗凋亡或凋亡蛋白、生长因子、蛋白激酶、细胞周期蛋白和转录因子的水平.STUART等将EGCG与他莫昔芬联合使用,在体内的阴性肿瘤中可以使得mTOR(一种细胞生长调节因子)的表达降低78%,这意味着EGCG和他莫昔芬具有协同的抗肿瘤细胞增殖作用.类似于EGCG,槲皮素对mTOR信号级联也具有抑制作用.EGCG可降低体内几种肝脏代谢关键酶的表达,包括脂肪酸合酶(FASN)等.FLAVIN等研究发现,FASN在许多癌症中均存在过表达的现象,在肿瘤发生及发展中起到关键作用.抹茶可显著降低FASN的表达,抑制糖异生作用,有效降低了耗氧率(OCR)和细胞外酸化率(ECAR).

认知功能障碍

研究表明,抹茶提取物可通过防止脑线粒体损伤和抑制腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(ATP)的产生,以增强神经元的活力,且可通过调节p-JNK,p-Akt,p-tau,Aβ,BDNF,IDE,COX-2和IL-1β的蛋白質表达来调节海马体和大脑皮层的认知功能和神经炎症.此外,抹茶能通过调节葡萄糖耐量和胆碱能系统有效改善空间认知功能以及短期和长期的记忆功能障碍.抹茶中具有丰富的茶氨酸,研究表明,茶氨酸可以减轻认知障碍,并通过改变早期应激反应来预防应激引起的脑萎缩.此外,抹茶中丰富的咖啡因可强化茶氨酸对神经生理功能(如注意力)的增强作用.由于抹茶遮荫生长的特殊工艺,等量的抹茶中多酚含量比普通绿茶的高出2倍,且脂溶性营养物质,例如维生素K和叶黄素含量也较高.饮食中摄入维生素K可缓解老年人主观记忆障碍.叶黄素是一种类胡萝卜素,不仅可以降低某些慢性健康疾病风险,还被认为有助于认知功能的改善,如增强老年人的记忆力.

缓解压力及抗焦虑

研究指出,茶叶中的咖啡因、EGCG含量与茶氨酸、精氨酸含量的比率(CE/TA)是抑制压力的关键指标之一.咖啡因和EGCG会对茶氨酸的降压效果产生抑制作用,而精氨酸则增强了茶氨酸的作用.小鼠实验结果表明:小鼠摄入CE/TA摩尔比为1.79的抹茶曲奇后,观察到其压力显著缓解.然而,在摄入CE/TA摩尔比为10.64的抹茶曲奇后,未观察到缓解压力的功效.抹茶粉通过激活多巴胺能神经系统及血清素能系统来发挥抗焦虑功效.UNNO等报道称:持续摄入CE/TA摩尔比小于2的抹茶可以降低人类与焦虑相关的应激反应.抹茶中茶氨酸含量较高的特殊性赋予了抹茶缓解压力作用的高效性.

其他健康功能

由于其独特的生物活性化合物组成,抹茶具有广泛的健康益处.抹茶通过抑制肾脏晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)的蓄积以及降低肝葡萄糖、甘油三酸酯、总胆固醇水平和抗氧化活性,对肾脏和肝脏损害具有有效的缓解作用.此外,BURCUS等证实抹茶可显著抑制有害微生物的生长.OHGITANI等研究发现抹茶可能具有抗病毒活性(通过灭活SARS-CoV-2).抹茶市场发展时间较短,更多的健康功能还需要进一步挖掘、验证.

3  抹茶的应用

抹茶目前已广泛应用于食品和日用品加工中.在食品行业,添加了抹茶的食品,如抹茶蛋糕、抹茶糖果等,口感清香醇厚,营养健康,品质稳定;在日用品行业,含有抹茶的产品,如抹茶面膜、抹茶肥皂、抹茶牙膏等,不仅健康无污染,而且还兼具抗氧化、抗菌等功效.

抹茶在食品中的应用

3.1.1 抹茶在烘焙类食品中的应用

抹茶可赋予烘焙食品特殊的风味与色泽.传统牛轧糖热量高,为改善这一缺陷并提高其营养特性,ZHANG等以抹茶粉为主要原料,以木糖醇代替传统白砂糖,以脱脂乳粉、花生仁、黄油等为辅料,添加20%的抹茶粉,制备了一种营养健康的新型抹茶牛轧糖.该牛轧糖咀嚼性好、色泽光亮,抹茶风味明显,低脂且营养健康.HUANG等以感官指标为评价指标,采用响应面法优化了抹茶蛋糕卷的制作工艺,当抹茶添加量(质量分数)为13%时,蛋糕卷色泽亮绿、茶味浓郁.

3.1.2 抹茶在饮料中的应用

由于抹茶特有的香味和丰富的营养价值,常被用作食品行业的营养添加剂.可口可乐(日本)公司在2011年就推出了富含抹茶的拿铁咖啡.YANG等选用抹茶粉(质量分数0.3%)、生牛乳、椰子粉为主要原料,开发了一款抹茶椰子乳饮料,该饮料香甜适口、风味醇厚、货架期稳定.ZHAO等将核桃与牛奶结合制成一款双蛋白饮品,添加抹茶赋予其茶香,产生鲜爽的口感.

3.1.3 其他抹茶产品

LIU等研究发现,抹茶能通过减少二硫键阻碍面筋网络的形成,削弱了面团的强度,其活性成分在一定程度上改善了面筋面团的韧性和延展性.ZENG等将抹茶与面粉相结合,制备油炸方便面,结果表明方便面抗氧化作用随抹茶添加量的增加而增强.当抹茶添加量为2%~6%(质量分数)时,油炸方便面的感官评分最高.油炸丸子不宜存放,JIANG等研究发现,当抹茶添加量在3 g以上时,能有效延缓丸子的腐败速度,不仅延长了货架期,同时还改善了丸子的风味口感.

抹茶在日化品中的應用

3.2.1 抹茶在护理类产品中的应用

抹茶在日用品中应用广泛.MOU研发了一种可食用抹茶润唇膏,能够有效滋润唇部肌肤,淡化唇纹,持久保持唇部水润.为了充分吸收茶叶中的护肤活性物质,发挥茶叶的护肤活性,TU等研发了一种添加超氧化物歧化酶的抹茶抗衰老面膜,该面膜具有清除自由基和抗氧化作用,可有效抗皮肤衰老.由于抹茶提取物的比表面积大,其与水溶性及脂溶性基料的配伍性优异,可使更多的活性成分被皮肤吸收,从而能够充分滋润皮肤.

3.2.2 抹茶在清洁类产品中的应用

抹茶富含茶多酚,具有较强的消炎杀菌作用.LINDINGER 以抗菌植物衍生酶、有机抹茶、葡萄糖、碳酸氢钠和抗坏血酸为原料,研发了一种天然、安全的口腔护理产品,其能有效降低狗的牙菌斑形成率,28 d的牙菌斑指数和覆盖率平均减少了22%,这可能与抹茶中的高浓度EGCG有关.JIN等研制了一款抹茶手工皂,该手工皂除了具有基本的清洁作用外,还具有抵抗甚至消除电脑辐射危害的作用.

4  展望

不同的加工方式使得抹茶的成分含量具有差異性,从而影响抹茶的健康功效.目前针对抹茶加工工艺的研究很少,遮荫期时长对抹茶的品质影响,如何筛选和加工原料以较好地保留营养元素,不同杀青方式对抹茶感官特性的影响,如何优化生产工艺以提高抹茶品质等,都需要进一步的研究,以指导抹茶的加工生产.目前仍然缺乏针对抹茶中具体成分对特定疾病的控制及预防的研究,大多研究认为抹茶能起到促进或抑制剂的作用,但需要进一步挖掘其机理,探明其更多的活性功能.抹茶作为一种可全部食用的茶类,添加到食品中不仅可优化食品的色香味等感官品质,还在保健功效方面满足了人们的需求.此外,抹茶的抗氧化、抗菌等特性也使其在日用化学品市场占据了一席之地.随着人们对于高品质生活的追求,可内服外用的抹茶在市场上的应用前景广泛.

参考文献:

[1]  SAKURAI K, SHEN C, EZAKI Y, et al. Effects of matcha green tea powder on cognitive functions of community-dwelling elderly individuals [J]. Nutrients,2020,12(12):3639-3653.

[2]  HARTLEY L, FLOWERS N, HOLMES J, et al. Green and black tea for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease [J]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online),2013(6):CD009934.

[3]  MANCINI E, EGLINGER C B, DREWE J, et al. Green tea effects on cognition, mood and human brain function: a systematic review [J]. Phytomedicine,2017,34:26-37.

[4]  GIESBRECHT T, RYCROFT J A, ROWSON M J, et al. The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness [J]. Nutritional Neuroscience,2010,13(6):283-290.

[5] LI W, ZENG B, LIU Z, et al. Green tea polyphenols modulate colonic microbiota diversity and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet treated HFA mice [J]. Journal of Food Science,2018,83(1/2/3):864-873.

[6]  ASHIHAR A. Occurrence, biosynthesis and metabolism of theanine (gamma-glutamyl-L-ethylamide) in plants: a comprehensive review [J]. Natural Product Communications,2015,10(5):803-810.

[7]  FU J, XIA X H, HUANG L, et al. Research progress of Matcha processing technique and technology [J]. China Tea, 2019,41(3):14-16,19

[8]  KU K M, CHOI J N, KIM J, et al. Metabolomics analysis reveals the compositional differences of shade grown tea ( L.) [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2010,58(1):418-426.

[9]  WANG Z, YIN F S. Effect of different covering methods on the quality of Matcha [J]. China Tea,2017,39(11):28-29.

[10] WAN J H. Production and processing of Matcha and its application [J]. China Tea,2017,39(8):23-25.

[11] LIU Y, LOU Y H, SHU Z F, et al. Research progress of mulching technology in tea plantation of grinding tea [J]. China Tea,2019,41(1):10-13,18.

[12] LI H, LI C F, REN J, et al. Effect of shading time on the quality of Matcha and its processed cake [J]. Journal of Shanghai Normal University (Natural Sciences),2014,43(6):573-577.

[13] JIN S Z, LIU Z R, CHEN L Y, et al. Effect of different grinding techniques on quality characteristics of Matcha [J]. South China Agriculture,2019,13(29):188-191.

[14] WANG J H. Research on the processing quality of Matcha and research and development of matcha paste products [D]. Hefei: Anhui Agricultural University,2017.

[15] ZHANG Z Z. Processing technology of ultrafine green tea powder [J]. Journal of Tea Business,2006(1):19.

[16] XU X Q, HU Z C, YIN J F, et al. Current situation of Matcha production technology and application in China [J]. China Tea,2018,40(11):26-30.

[17] SUZUKI Y, SHIOI Y. Identification of chlorophylls and carotenoids in major teas by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2003,51(18):5307-5314.

[18] KOLÁČKOVÁ T, KOLOFIKOVÁ K, SYTAŘOVÁ I, et al. Matcha tea: analysis of nutritional composition, phenolics and antioxidant activity [J]. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition,2020,75(1):48-53.

[19] TETSUHISA G, HITOSHI N, YUKO Y, et al. Contents of individual tea catechins and caffeine in Japanese green tea [J]. Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku,2009(83):21-28.

[20] CAI J X, REN J, LI C F, et al. Effect of different fixing methods on the quality of selenium-enriched Matcha [J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry,2015,36(14):156-160.

[21] JIN S Z, ZHANG J Y, SHEN W, et al. Effect of superfine grinding technology on the content of main elements in Matcha [J]. Journal of Tea Communication,2020,47(2):287-290.

[22] XIAO W X, WU X Y. Chlorophyll in tea and its changes during tea making [J]. China Tea,1989(1):8-10.

[23] WEISS D J, ANDERTON C R. Determination of catechins in Matcha green tea by micellar electrokinetic chromatography [J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2003,1011(1/2):173-180.

[24] PAN G S, GAO R J. Physiological and biochemical changes of tea tree under shading [J]. Journal of Tea Science,1986,6(2):1-6.

[25] SHU H, WANG Y F, ZHANG S K, et al. Effect of light-shading on accumulation of chlorophylls and their precursors in tea shoots [J]. Journal of Tea Science,2012,32(2):115-121.

[26] XIE Y C, XING Y C, LI M Q, et al. Analysis of aroma components of Matcha from different regions [J]. The Beverage Industry,2020,23(4):23-29.

[27] DONG S S, LUO Y P, WU J J, et al. Effect of shading and organic fertilizer on the alcoholic aroma production in summer tea leaves [J]. Journal of Tea Science,2000,20(2):133-136.

[28] FUJIOKA K, IWAMOTO T, SHIMA H, et al. The powdering process with a set of ceramic mills for green tea promoted catechin extraction and the ROS inhibition effect [J]. Molecules,2016,21(4):474-485.

[29] SHARANGI A B. Medicinal and therapeutic potentialities of tea ( L.): a review [J]. Food Research International,2009,42(5/6):529-535.

[30] SHI M, YING D Y, HLAING M M, et al. Oxidative stability of spray dried Matcha-tuna oil powders [J]. Food Research International,2020,132:109050.

[31] GRZESIK M, NAPARŁO K, BARTOSZ G, et al. Antioxidant properties of catechins: comparison with other antioxidants [J]. Food Chemistry,2018,241:480-492.

[32] JAKUBCZYK K, KOCHMAN J, KWIATKOWSKA A, et al. Antioxidant properties and nutritional composition of Matcha green tea [J]. Foods,2020,9(4):483-492.

[33] HERNÁNDEZ-HERRERO J, FRUTOS M J. Influence of rutin and ascorbic acid in colour, plum anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity stability in model juices [J]. Food Chemistry,2015,173:495-500.

[34] KOHATA K, HANADA K, HORIE H. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of pheophorbide-a and its related chlorophyll derivatives in tea leaves [J]. Food Science and Technology International Tokyo,1998,4(1):80-84.

[35] LORANTY A, REMBIAŁKOWSKA E, ROSA E, et al. Identification, quantification and availability of carotenoids and chlorophylls in fruit, herb and medicinal teas [J]. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,2010,23(5):432-441.

[36] KANG Y R, PARK J, JUNG S K, et al. Synthesis, characterization, and functional properties of chlorophylls, pheophytins, and Zn-pheophytins [J]. Food Chemistry,2017,245:943-950.

[37] YAO L Y. Study on the effect and mechanism of matcha on high-fat induced hypothalamic inflammation [D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University,2020.

[38] FAROOQ S, SEHGAL A. Antioxidant activity of different forms of green tea: loose leaf, bagged and matcha [J]. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal,2018,6(1):35-40.

[39] MUHAMMAD A, ASIF A, ANWAAR A, et al. Chemical composition and sensory evaluation of tea () commercialized in Pakistan [J]. Pakistan Journal of Botany,2013,45(3):901-907.

[40] MITANI T, NAGANO T, HARADA K, et al. Caffeine-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells suppress lipid accumulation in adipocytes [J]. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology,2017,63(5):331-338.

[41] YAMAZAKI R, AIYAMA R, MATSUZAKI T, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of YPE-01, a novel diarylheptanoid derivative, on dermal inflammation in mice [J]. Inflammation Research,1998,47(4):182-186.

[42] KIM J M, LEE U, KANG J Y, et al. Matcha improves metabolic imbalance-induced cognitive dysfunction [J]. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,2020,2020:8882763.

[43] BABAEI F, MIRZABABAEI M, NASSIRI-ASL M. Quercetin in food: possible mechanisms of its effect on memory [J]. Journal of Food Science,2018,83(9):2280-2287.

[44] XU P, YING L, HONG G, et al. The effects of the aqueous extract and residue of matcha on the antioxidant status and lipid and glucose levels in mice fed a high-fat diet [J]. Food and Function,2016,7(1):294-300.

[45] KNOPP R H, SUPERKO H R, DAVIDSON M, et al. Long-term blood cholesterol-lowering effects of a dietary fiber supplement [J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,1999,17(1):18-23.

[46] WILLEM S, MAR K, ELISABE T H, et al. Matcha green tea drinks enhance fat oxidation during brisk walking in females [J]. International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism,2018,28(5):536-541.

[47] SCHRÖDER L, MARAHRENS P, KOCH J, et al. Effects of green tea, Matcha tea and their components epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells [J]. Oncology Reports,2018,41(1):387-396

[48] BONUCCELLI G, SOTGIA F, LISANTI M P. Matcha green tea (MGT) inhibits the propagation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), by targeting mitochondrial metabolism, glycolysis and multiple cell signalling pathways [J]. Aging,2018,10(8):1867-1883.

[49] SINGH B N, SHANKAR S, SRIVASTAVA R K. Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications [J]. Biochemical Pharmacology,2011,82(12):1807-1821.

[50] STUART E C, SOMERS-EDGAR T J, MENZIES A R, et al. A new role for tamoxifen in oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer when it is combined with epigallocatechin gallate [J]. British Journal of Cancer,2008,99(7):1056-1063.

[51] KLAPPAN A K, HONES S, MYLONAS I, et al. Proteasome inhibition by quercetin triggers macroautophagy and blocks mTOR activity [J]. Histochemistry and Cell Biology,2012,137(1):25-36.

[52] KENSUKE Y, NORIKO P, NORIYUKI M, et al. Effects of a catechin-free fraction derived from green tea on gene expression of enzymes related to lipid metabolism in the mouse liver [J]. Biomedical Research,2012,33(1):9-13.

[53] FLAVIN R, PELUSO S, NGUYEN P L, et al. Fatty acid synthase as a potential therapeutic target in cancer [J]. Future Oncology,2010,6(4):551-562.

[54] ZHU G, YANG S, XIE Z W, et al. Synaptic modification by L-theanine, a natural constituent in green tea, rescues the impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation and memory in AD mice [J]. Neuropharmacology,2018,138:331-340.

[55] UNNO K, SUMIYOSHI A, KONISHI T, et al. Theanine, the main amino acid in tea, prevents stress-induced brain atrophy by modifying early stress responses [J]. Nutrients,2020,12(1):174-190.

[56] DIETZ C, DEKKER M. Effect of green tea phytochemicals on mood and cognition [J]. Current Pharmaceutical Design,2017,23(19):2876-2905.

[57] SOUTIF-VEILLON A, FERLAND G, ROLLAND Y, et al. Increased dietary vitamin K intake is associated with less severe subjective memory complaint among older adults [J]. Maturitas,2016,93:131-136.

[58] RUI N, SUIKO T, KIMURA E, et al. Effects of lutein and astaxanthin intake on the improvement of cognitive functions among healthy adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials [J]. Nutrients,2020,12(3):617-640.

[59] UNNO K, FURUSHIMA D, HAMAMOTO S, et al. Stress-reducing effect of cookies containing Matcha green tea: essential ratio among theanine, arginine, caffeine and epigallocatechin gallate [J]. Heliyon,2019,5(5):e01653.

[60] GILES G E, MAHONEY C R, BRUNYÉ T, et al. Caffeine and theanine exert opposite effects on attention under emotional arousal [J]. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology,2017,95(1):93-100.

[61] UNNO K, HARA A, NAKAGAWA A, et al. Anti-stress effects of drinking green tea with lowered caffeine and enriched theanine, epigallocatechin and arginine on psychosocial stress induced adrenal hypertrophy in mice [J]. Phytomedicine, 2016,23(12):1365-1374.

[62] KURAUCHI Y, DEVKOTA H P, HORI K, et al. Anxiolytic activities of matcha tea powder, extracts, and fractions in mice: contribution of dopamine D1 receptor- and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor-mediated mechanisms [J]. Journal of Functional Foods,2019,59:301-308.

[63] BURCU A, VAMANU E, SRBU I, et al. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial potential of different drinks based on matcha tea [C]// IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018,347:012072.

[64] OHGITANI E, SHIN-YA M, ICHITANI M, et al. Significant inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by a green tea catechin, a catechin-derivative and galloylated theaflavins [J]. Molecules,2021,26(12):3572.

[65] ZHANG Q, ZHAI L G, DING Z G, et al. Study on production technology of new Matcha nougat [J]. Farm Products Processing,2020(3):30-33.

[66] HUANG X, QIU H T, WANG J H, et al. Optimization of processing technology for Matcha roulade cake with response surface methodology [J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University,2017,44(6):973-979.

[67] BABA R, AMANO Y, WADA Y, et al. Characterization of the potent odorants contributing to the characteristic aroma of Matcha by gas chromatography-olfactometry techniques [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2017,65(14): 2984-2989.

[68] YANG Y, GAO H. The processing technology of Matcha coconut milk beverage [J]. China Dairy Cattle,2020(3):44-47.

[69] ZHAO H B, LU M, WANG J Z, et al. Walnut Matcha milk and preparation method thereof: 110720514A [P]. 2020-01-24.

[70] LIU Z, CHEN J, ZHENG B, et al. Effects of matcha and its active components on the structure and rheological properties of gluten [J]. LWT,2020,124:109197.

[71] ZENG J, SONG M D, JIA T, et al. Effects of Matcha powder on antioxidative properties of deep-fried instant noodles [J]. Food and Fermentation Industries,2019,45(9):227-232.

[72] JIANG J K, ZENG J, SONG M D, et al. Preparation and antioxidant analysis of fried Matcha balls [J]. Journal of Henan Institute of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition),2019,47(3):28-36.

[73] MOU L C. An edible Matcha lip balm: 106880533A [P]. 2015-12-10.

[74] TU Y Y, WANG Y. The invention relates to a Matcha anti-aging facial mask with superoxide dismutase added and a preparation method thereof: 101416928 [P]. 2008-12-08.

[75] LINDINGER M I. Reduced dental plaque formation in dogs drinking a solution containing natural antimicrobial herbal enzymes and organic Matcha green tea [J]. Scientifica (Cairo),2016,2016:2183623.

[76] JIN X, LI J, CHEN G J. A processing method of Matcha handmade soap and the obtained Matcha handmade soap: 108559672A [P]. 2018-05-28.

(責任编辑:顾浩然,包震宇)

收稿日期: 2021-05-24

基金项目: 上海植物种质资源工程技术研究中心项目(17DZ2252700);“茶及深加工产品预防代谢性疾病的健康功能研究”项目

作者简介: 栗芳斓(1999—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事天然产物与功能性食品方面的研究. E-mail:18623706069@163.com

* 通信作者: 魏新林(1971—),男,教授,主要从事食品加工与质量安全等方面的研究. E-mail: foodlab2010@163.com;王元凤(1974—),女,教授,主要从事茶功能性食品研发、食品安全检测等方面的研究. E-mail: yfwang@shnu.edu.cn

引用格式: 栗芳斓, 朱将雄, 魏新林, 等. 抹茶的品质、健康功效及其应用研究进展 [J]. 上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2022,51(1):110‒118.

 LI F L, ZHU J X, WEI X L, et al. Quality, health efficacy and application researches on Matcha [J].Journal of Shanghai Normal University(Natural Sciences),2022,51(1):110‒118.

猜你喜欢

加工工艺品质应用
基于描述逻辑的数控铣床加工工艺知识库检索
氯化钙处理对鲜切萝卜生理与品质的影响
“鄞红”、“巨峰”、“红富士”葡萄及其杂交后代品质分析
浅谈民生新闻栏目特色的挖掘
奥氏体不锈钢薄壁件加工工艺的研究
工商联副主席潘刚:让中国企业成为“品质”代名词
GM(1,1)白化微分优化方程预测模型建模过程应用分析
煤矿井下坑道钻机人机工程学应用分析
气体分离提纯应用变压吸附技术的分析
会计与统计的比较研究