壳聚糖聚多巴胺改性水凝胶对双氯芬酸钠的吸附实验研究
2022-03-07曲今垚林艳孙强刘鸿霞梁建军郑怀礼
曲今垚 林艳 孙强 刘鸿霞 梁建军 郑怀礼
摘 要:双氯芬酸钠是水体中广泛分布的新型污染物之一,关于其去除的研究备受关注。为提高水体中双氯芬酸钠的去除效率,获得经济高效、对环境友好的吸附剂,以壳聚糖为原料,通过光催化法在壳聚糖上引入聚多巴胺进行改性,制备新型壳聚糖聚多巴胺改性水凝胶(CS-PDA),研究该材料对双氯芬酸钠的吸附性能。通过SEM、FTIR、XPS和BET测试对CS-PDA进行表征,材料呈网状结构,疏松多孔,比表面积达22.46 m2/g;探究时间、温度、初始浓度、pH值对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:pH值为4.3时CS-PDA对双氯芬酸钠的吸附容量最大;吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型,在240 min时达到吸附饱和;吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温线模型,在25 ℃时双氯芬酸钠的Langmuir理论最大吸附容量为333.2 mg/g。CS-PDA对双氯芬酸钠的吸附容量经历7个再生循环后仍大于70 mg/g。
关键词:壳聚糖;聚多巴胺;双氯芬酸钠;吸附
中图分类号:X703.5 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2096-6717(2022)01-0177-11
收稿日期:2021-03-09
基金项目:国家自然科学基金(21677020);重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2018jszx-cyzd0053)
作者简介:曲今垚(1996- ),男,主要从事吸附材料研究,E-mail:910068469@qq.com。
林艳(通信作者),女,博士,E-mail:sister2000@163.com。
Abstract: Diclofenac sodium is one of the new pollutants widely distributed in water, and its removal has attracted much attention. In order to improve the removal efficiency of diclofenac sodium and obtain cost-effective and environmentally-friendly adsorbents, the chitosan polydopamine modified hydrogel (CS-PDA) was prepared from chitosan by introducing polydopamine onto chitosan by photocatalytic method. The adsorption properties of diclofenac sodium were studied. The CS-PDA was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XPS and BET. The results showed that the CS-PDA had a network structure, porous structure and a specific surface area of 22.46 m2·g-1. Explored the effects of time, temperature, initial concentration and pH value on the adsorption effect, the results showed that the adsorption capacity of CS-PDA was the largest at pH=4.3, the adsorption kinetics of CS-PDA for diclofenac sodium was in accordance with the pseudo second order kinetic model, and reached the adsorption saturation at 240 minutes.The adsorption isotherm was in line with the Langmuir isotherm model and the Langmuir theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of diclofenac sodium at 25 ℃ was 333.2 mg/g. The adsorption capacity of diclofenac sodium by CS-PDA was higher than 70 mg/g after 7 regeneration cycles.
Keywords:chitosan; polydopamine; diclofenac sodium; adsorption
雙氯芬酸钠(DS)是近年来在生活污水中频繁被检测出的一种新兴污染物[1],主要来源于非甾体抗炎药,经未妥善处理的生活污水和工业废水进入水体[2-3],由于传统水处理工艺对DS去除效率低,对水体中各个营养级的生物均存在潜在的毒性效应[4]。研究显示,DS即使在低浓度(>2.00 μg/L)下也会造成水环境污染,对人体会造成肝损伤[5]、肾损伤[6]、甲状腺肿瘤等危害[7]。近年来,一些学者对DS的去除方法进行了一定研究,包括高级氧化法(光降解[8]、臭氧氧化[9]和芬顿氧化[10]等)和吸附法[11-13]。研究表明,一些高级氧化法的转化中间产物毒性比DS本身更大[14]。此外,污水厂内监测到的DS浓度一般在痕量范围内(ng/L至μg/L),很难通过传统方法被直接降解[15],相比之下,吸附法更加简单,成本低,无毒副产物产生[16]。
Mi等[17]制备了磁性共价有机骨架以去除DS,最大吸附量可达203.4 mg/L;Fan等[18]以纤维素纳米晶体、聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钠为原料,经聚乙烯亚胺改性,合成了复合微球以去除DS,去除率可达85%。改性水凝胶有表面官能团丰富的特点[19],对DS的去除具有一定潜力,然而,壳聚糖聚多巴胺改性水凝胶对DS的去除目前还鲜有报道。壳聚糖(CS)来源于几丁质,是一种广泛存在的天然高分子,具有无毒、抑菌、可生物降解等优点[20],同时,另一种生物材料——聚多巴胺(PDA)结构中包含大量的邻苯二酚基团,具有丰富的芳香环和亲水性[21],是去除DS的潜在候选物[22-23]。壳聚糖和聚多巴胺的结合有望成为可有效富集DS的吸附剂,且易降解,对环境友好。
笔者通过紫外光催化的方法,用聚多巴胺对壳聚糖进行改性,制备了CS-PDA水凝胶,并探究合成材料对DS的去除效果。用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、环境扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子光谱(XPS)、氮气吸脱附测试(BET)分析研究吸附剂的结构特征,通过吸附等温线和动力学模型拟合实验数据以获得最大的理论吸附容量,分析其内在吸附机理,与其他壳聚糖基吸附剂对DS的吸附能力进行对比分析。
1 材料与方法
1.1 实验药品
壳聚糖(CS),中黏度200~400 mPa·s;盐酸多巴胺(DA),纯度98%;双氯芬酸钠(DS),纯度≥99%,均购自阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司。冰醋酸,AR,购自成都科龙化工厂。氢氧化钠溶液,1 mol/L,自制。V0-44光引发剂、戊二醛(50%)均购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司。实验所用溶液均用去离子水(18 MΩ·cm)配制。
1.2 多巴胺壳聚糖改性水凝胶的制备
图1为CS-PDA的合成路径。称量3.00 g DA于烧杯中,加入30 mL去离子水后超声至完全溶解,使用紫外高压泵灯(额定功率1 000 W)系统照射2 h后取出,称量3.00 g CS加入上述溶液,同时加入20 mL去离子水、1.00 mL冰醋酸,再滴加适量NaOH溶液(1 mol/L),调节pH值至8.0,随后加入0.01% V0-44引发剂、5 mL戊二醛(10%,由50%戊二醛稀释而得),磁力搅拌1 h,最后使用紫外高压泵灯照射1 h后取出。使用去离子水和无水乙醇多次洗涤产品,以去除未交联的CS、DA,置于阴凉通风处静置12 h以待其完全熟化,熟化后的深紫色水凝胶即为紫外催化接枝的CS-PDA水凝胶,冷冻干燥后得到干凝胶,干燥后的凝胶避光常温保存。
1.3 表征方法
使用Nesus 670傅里叶红外光谱仪(Nicolet,美国)测得CS-PDA、CS、PDA、DA的FTIR光谱;使用Quattro S环境扫描电镜(Thermo Scientific,美国)研究CS-PDA的表面形态,包括吸附DS前后的形貌;使用K-Alpha X光谱仪(Thermo Scientific,美国)测得CS-PDA的X射线光电子能谱;使用ASAP 2460型分析仪(Micromeritics,美国)测定壳聚糖聚多巴胺的孔径分布与比表面积;使用Nano ZS90 Zeta电位分析仪(Malvern,英国)测量CS-PDA在溶液中的Zeta电位。
1.4 吸附实验方法
使用1 000 mL容量瓶制备一系列不同浓度(50、100、150、200、250、300、400 mg/L)的DS溶液。每批吸附实验都在含有50 mL DS溶液的250 mL锥形瓶中进行,恒温摇床以180 r/min的速度振荡。
然后对DS进行吸附实验,研究时间、初始浓度、温度、pH值等对吸附的影响,结合吸附动力学、等温线来分析DS吸附的过程,吸附剂量为25±5 mg。吸附动力学实验的DS溶液浓度控制为100 mg/L,等温线和热力学实验中,温度梯度为298.15、308.15、318.15 K,DS浓度梯度设置为50~400 mg/L,结合材料表征来分析DS吸附的机理。同时,进行循环吸附实验研究材料的循环吸附性能。
实验前,统一将冷冻干燥后的干凝胶裁剪至合适尺寸(直径10 mm、厚度3 mm的圆柱体),称重后加入锥形瓶,吸附后的溶液从锥形瓶中取出后经0.22 μm滤头过滤至进样瓶并送检。通过Waters 2695高效液相色谱(Waters,美国),结合ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱(Agilent,美国)在276 nm检测波长下从进样瓶中提取样品以检测残留DS浓度。以乙腈/5‰乙酸溶液(65∶35)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,最大进样量为5 μL。吸附效率和去除效率的计算式为
2.2.3 pH值对吸附性能的影响
CS-PDA的表面电荷以及DS在溶液中的形态均受到环境中的pH值的影响,因此,pH值也是影响吸附过程的重要因素。pH值对去除DS的影响如图9(a)所示,pH值范围为4~11时,吸附容量呈逐渐降低的趋勢,在实验范围内,pH值等于4.3时吸附容量达到峰值106.35 mg/g(初始浓度C0=100 mg/L),pH值为7.3时吸附容量为98.65 mg/g,当环境中的pH值达到11.2时,吸附容量降至最低水平92.80 mg/g,因此,酸性条件下DS的去除效率最高,吸附材料对DS的吸附易于进行。
研究表明,DS的酸离解常数pKa=4.2,当环境中pH值大于4.2时,DS主要以双氯芬酸阴离子(-COO-)的形式存在[36],结合图9(b)所示,不同pH值下材料表面的Zeta电位值进行分析,CS-PDA的零电点PZC=7.4,当pH值小于7.4时,CS-PDA表面的-OH、-NH3活性位点易受到质子化携带大量正电荷[37],与双氯芬酸阴离子产生强烈的静电引力;当pH值大于7.4时,CS-PDA对DS的吸附容量并未由于静电引力被屏蔽而急剧下降,仍然维持在较高水平,说明静电引力并不是材料对DS吸附的主导作用力,氢键和π-π堆积作用也在吸附中起到重要作用[38-40]。
2.2.4 CS-PDA的再生性能
在吸附剂是否优良的评价中,经济指标是关键。而循环再生的能力会在很大程度上降低使用的成本,考察CS-PDA对DS吸附的再生性能,每轮均在初始浓度为100 mg/L的DS溶液中进行吸附,之后用NaOH(0.1 mol/L)溶液浸泡,再用去离子水冲洗后冷冻干燥为干凝胶,再次准确称取吸附剂的质量投入到下一轮的吸附中,轮次1即为第一次对DS的去除效率,随着重复使用次数的增加,CS-PDA的去除效率相对于首次均逐渐下降,如图10所示,在第7轮次时,CS-PDA对DS的去除率降至60%以下,吸附容量从110.70 mg/g降至70.75 mg/g。CS-PDA吸附能力的下降可能是由于CS-PDA水凝胶在循环过程中有一定损失或化学位点的不可逆再生。总之,经历7个循环后,DS的吸附容量仍保持在较高水平,大于70 mg/g。因此判断CS-PDA具有良好的循环再生性能,该材料可重复用于去除含DS的水体。
2.2.5 吸附机理
结合实验数据,分析CS-PDA对DS的吸附机理总结如图11所示。系统中的pH值是影响DS吸附和CS-PDA表面电荷密度的关键参数[41]。DS在pH值低于其pKa(pKa=4.2)时溶解度较低,因此,实验中最低pH值为4.2。而环境中pH值大于4.2时,DS主要以双氯芬酸阴离子(-COO-)的形式存在,而CS-PDA材料表面的零电点PZC=7.4,当pH值小于7.4时,CS-PDA表面的-OH活性位点受到质子化从而携带正电荷,与双氯芬酸分子之间产生较强的静电引力(Electrostatic interaction),驱动双氯芬酸阴离子迁移至吸附剂表面乃至介孔内部,进而得到吸附去除。聚多巴胺的引入使得材料表面的芳香环和羟基(-OH)大量增加,受益于π-π堆积作用(π-π stacking)和氢键(H-bond)的弱引力作用,即使在碱性环境中pH值超过CS-PDA的零电点(PZC=7.4)之后,依靠这两种作用力,仍能对DS进行有效的吸附。
2.3 与其他吸附剂的对比
为了与其他壳聚糖基的材料作对比,表5总结了用于从水中去除DS的其他吸附剂的性能参数。CS-PDA的最大DS吸附容量为333.25 mg/g(Langmuir模型拟合所得),比先前报道的类似壳聚糖基吸附剂拥有更高的吸附容量。高吸附容量使得CS-PDA成为了十分有竞争力的去除水体中双氯芬酸的有机吸附材料。
3 结论
1)用光催化的方法在壳聚糖表面接枝了聚多巴胺,引入了大量芳香环,对DS有较好的吸附效果,CS-PDA水凝胶的网状结构组织变薄,内部孔隙数量增加且直径减小,更加疏松多孔,有利于提高CS-PDA的吸附性能。
2)材料对DS的吸附模型拟合拟二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型,吸附以化学吸附和单层吸附为主,DS理论最大吸附效率为333.25 mg/g。CS-PDA吸附DS经历7个循环后仍有良好的去除能力,吸附容量大于70 mg/g。
3)CS-PDA对DS的吸附过程受到环境中pH值的影响较大,酸性环境下材料表面携带大量正电荷,对DS的吸附依靠静电引力发生,在中碱性环境下,得益于π-π堆积作用和氢键(H-bond)的作用力,CS-PDA对DS的吸附效果仍旧出色。参考文献:
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(編辑 胡玲)