简述以-ly结尾的三类形容词
2021-12-07杨妙毛里林
杨妙 毛里林
并非所有以–ly结尾的英语单词都是副词。有些就是形容词,如earthly(地球的;世俗的;尘世的)、heavenly(神圣的/迷人的/天堂的)和lovely(可爱的/好看的/高尚的)等;有些既作副词也作形容词,如beastly(兽性的/不洁的/讨厌的;非常地/过分地), cowardly(胆小的/卑怯的;胆小地/卑怯地), leisurely(从容的/悠闲的/慢慢的;从容地/悠闲地/缓慢地)等;还有的甚至兼作三种词类。本文拟从“人物性质类”、“时间概念类”和“易错误用类”三个方面简述以–ly结尾的形容词。
一、人物性质类
人物性质类形容词由表示人的名词加后缀-ly构成(大多亦作副词),大多含有“......般”,“......气”和“(有)......风度/气质/气概的”等意思,常见的有:brother→brotherly兄弟般的,sister→sisterly姐妹般的,comrade→comradely同志式的,daughter→daughterly女儿似的,son→sonly如子嗣般的,father→fatherly父亲般的,mother→motherly母亲般的,friend→friendly朋友般的,gentleman→gentlemanly绅士风度的,man→manly男子气概的,woman→womanly有女人气质的,king→kingly国王般的,queen→queenly女王般的,priest→priestly牧师般的,prince→princely王子般的,scholar→scholarly学者般的,husband→husbandly丈夫般的,wife→wifely妻子般的。例如:
His fatherly kindness attaches all of his children to Nadim.因为纳迪姆像父亲一般的仁慈,所以他的孩子们都很依恋他。
In her book, Englishmen are the most gentlemanly people under the sun.在她看来,英国男子是全球最有绅士风度的人。
I leave her the infant of your care, beseeching you to give her princely training.我把这个娃娃交给你们抚养,恳求你们给她符合公主身份的教养。
Seldom have I seen so graceful a figure, so womanly a presence, and so beautiful a face.像她这样仪态优美、风度高雅、容貌漂亮的女人我还很少看到。
二、时间概念类
时间概念类形容词由表示时间的名词加后缀-ly构成,也作副词,意思为“每......的/地”等,常见的词有:bi-month→bimonthly每两月的/地,bi-week→biweekly每两周的/地,hour→hourly每小时的/每小时地,minute→minutely每分钟的/每分钟地,month→monthly每月的/每月地,night→nightly每夜的/夜夜,quarter→quarterly每季的/每季地,time→timely及时的/及时地,week→weekly每周的/每周,year→yearly每年的/每年。此外,还作名词,如daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly和quarterly为,意思分别是“日报/刊,周报/刊,双周报/刊,月报/刊,双月报/刊,季报/刊”。例如:
Laura acts as a teacher here, with her weekly wage of ¥1,500.劳拉在这里教书,周薪为1,500(人民币)元。
This kind of newspaper sells well, published weekly.这种报纸卖得很好,每周出版一次。(副词:每周)
I make it a rule to contribute a biweekly article concerning foreign affairs.我习惯每两周写一篇有关外交事务的文章。
The special committee meets on a regular basis, usually monthly or bimonthly.這个特别委员会定期会面,通常是每月或每两月一次。(副词:双月地)
The yearly conference, to be held next week, will be of great importance.下周举行的年度会议将很重要。
A female rat may have five or six litters yearly, and an average of nine per litter.一只雌鼠每年可产幼仔五至六窝,平均每窝九只。(副词:每年地)
Danny Wang likes reading China Daily in the afternoon.王丹尼喜欢下午读《中国日报》。(名词:日报)
三、易错误用类
常见的易错误用类词有costly,deadly,likely, lively, unlikely等,其比较级和最高级均有两种形式,即用-er;-est和more; most构成。costly只做形容词,意思是“昂贵的;代价高的;损失大的”;deadly既作形容词也作副词,但两者意思相差甚远;lively有“活泼的;繁忙的;热烈的;欢快的”等意思;而likely和unlikely只能作表语,意思是“可能的”。例如:
The decision to wait could be a more costly/costlier mistake.决定等待可能是个代价更加高昂的错误。
While COVID-19 is a fearsome disease,it is not a deadly one if treated timely.虽然新冠肺炎是可怕的疾病,但如果治疗及时,并不至于夺命的。(形容词:致命的)
Generally speaking,broadcast news was accurate and reliable but deadly dull.一般来说,新闻广播准确可靠但却非常枯燥。(副词:非常地;极度地)
She wrote a passage with a very lively writing style.她写了一段富有活泼文风的文章。
Wuyi Road, the city of Changsha, is a lively street.长沙市五一路是条繁忙的大街。
The students had a lively discussion.学生们进行了热烈的讨论。
The company is unlikely to survive more than another year.= It is unlikely that the company will survive more than another year.那家公司再要多撐一年都不大可能。
As likely as not(=most/very likely) Mary has forgotten all about it.玛丽很可能把这件事情忘得一干二净了。(习语:说不定;很可能)
注意:likely作副词通常与 most, very 连用。如:I think Owen will very/most likely go to bed very early tonight.我认为欧文今晚很可能很早就会上床睡觉了。
参考文献:
[1]毛里林“有关‘ly’的三个问题”,《今日中学生》,2017-08-20版
[2]甄艳华“以—ly结尾的形容词用法浅析”,《齐齐哈尔大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),1995-12-15版
[3]刘重德(主编),《英汉翻译例句词典》,湖南文艺出版社,1999年