优质化服务在老年糖尿病肾病血液透析患者护理中的应用价值分析
2021-11-14陈爱娥蒋晓珍彭健韫翁晓华
陈爱娥 蒋晓珍 彭健韫 翁晓华
[關键词] 糖尿病肾病;血液透析;优质化护理;血肌酐;尿素氮
[中图分类号] R473.5 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)23-0173-04
Analysis on the application value of high-quality service in nursing care of elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy undergoing hemodialysis
CHEN Ai′e JIANG Xiaozhen PENG Jianyun WENG Xiaohua
Department of Blood Purification,Lishui People′s Hospital,Lishui 323000,China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the application value of high-quality services in the nursing of elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy undergoing hemodialysis. Methods From January 2018 to October 2019,120 elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy undergoing hemodialysis in our hospital were enrolled.The patients were randomly divided into two groups of 60 cases each (random number table method).The control group was given routine nursing care,and the observation group was given high-quality nursing care.The treatment compliance,blood glucose level,renal function indices,negative mood score,quality of life score,and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results The total treatment compliance rate was 93.33% in the observation group and 78.33% in the control group.The observation group was higher than the control group (P<0.05). The fasting blood glucose,2h postprandial blood glucose, blood creatinine, and urea nitrogen after nursing were lower than those before nursing in the both groups (P<0.05). The fasting blood glucose, 2 h postprandial blood glucose,blood creatinine,and urea nitrogen after nursing in the observation group were all lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Anxiety and depression scores were compared between the two groups,and they were lower in the observation group after nursing than those in the control group (P<0.05). The quality of life score was compared between the two groups,and it was higher in the observation group after nursing than that in the control group (P<0.05). There was significant difference between the observation group and the control group in the overall satisfaction rate with nursing care (96.67% vs 83.33%, P<0.05). Conclusion The implementation of high-quality nursing services during hemodialysis in elderly patients with diabetic nephropathy can effectively enhance patients′ compliance with treatment,help improve blood glucose control,and better improve renal function.It can also improve patients' mental conditions,quality of life,and nursing satisfaction.
[Key words] Diabetic nephropathy;Blood hemodialysis;High-quality nursing;Blood creatinine;Urea nitrogen
糖尿病肾病是糖尿病患者最常见的并发症类型之一,由于患者血糖长期处于高水平状态,患者肾功能受到损伤,随着病情进展,患者肾功能损伤加重,是威胁糖尿病患者生命安全的重要原因[1-3]。血液透析是糖尿病肾病临床治疗时常用的一种手段,可对血液中毒素分子进行清除,从而控制患者病情[4],但由于血液透析治疗周期长,受病情影响,患者易出现焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪,治疗依从性较差,不利于治疗效果,合理的护理措施必不可少。优质化护理是一种近年来临床护理方面大力提倡的理念,其护理目标为“实现优质化医疗服务”,为探讨优质化护理在老年糖尿病肾病血液透析患者护理中的应用价值,本研究对120例老年糖尿病肾病患者进行观察。
1资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
将2018年1月至2019年10月入住我院的120例血液透析老年糖尿病肾病患者采用随机数字表法分为两组,每组各60例。对照组:平均(71.43±9.14)岁,男女分别为33例和27例,平均病程(3.82±0.23)年;观察组:平均(71.68±9.32)岁,男女分别为32例和28例,平均病程(3.82±0.23)年。两组患者年龄、性别无统计学差异(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究获医学伦理委员会批准和患者知情同意。
1.2 方法
对照组患者给予常规护理,透析时注意监测患者生命体征,并为其耐心讲解相关注意事项。
观察组患者给予优质化护理,具体措施为:(心理护理:收集患者文化水平信息,邀请心理科医师认真聆听患者的倾诉,在聆听过程中了解患者心理动态,分析负性情绪原因,针对原因对患者进行安抚,并及时给患者提供病情信息,消除焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪。(2)饮食护理:由医生、护士及营养师对患者饮食认知进行评估,根据血液透析治疗特点,为患者制定饮食方案,向患者强调合理饮食的重要性,为患者及其家属详细讲解饮食相关知识,传递饮食信息;患者可记录自身连续3天的饮食,根据患者饮食日记,对其不规范饮食行为进行纠正,与患者家属协作,做好患者的饮食监督工作。(3)亲情护理:与患者家属进行沟通,为其讲解血液透析治疗期间的注意事项,嘱咐家属陪伴患者进行血液透析,向患者传递鼓励、关心[5-6]。
1.3观察指标
①治疗依从性:依从率=完全依从率+部分依从率,患者自觉配合治疗归为“完全依从”,患者经医护人员督促后对治疗无抵触情绪归为“部分依从”,患者始终存在抵触情绪归为“不依从”[7]。②血糖水平:包括空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖。空腹血糖是所有患者禁食8 h以上选用无热原真空采血管采集肘静脉血,餐后2 h血糖是所有患者禁食2 h选用无热原真空采血管采集肘静脉血,然后采用强生稳豪血糖仪进行检测。③肾功能指标:包括血肌酐、尿素氮,所有患者禁食4 h以上选用无热原真空采血管采集肘静脉血,然后采用全自动生化分析仪进行检测。④不良情绪评分:采用SAS量表评估患者焦虑,SDS量表评估抑郁,总分100分,得分越高表示患者越焦虑/抑郁,评分均采用4分法评估患者症状出现频次,其标准为:1分表示没有或很少出现;2分表示有时出现;3分表示大部分时间出现;4分表示大部分或全部时间都有。20个条目中有15项是用负性词陈述的,按上述l~4顺序评分。其余5项(第5,9,13,17,19),是用正性词陈述的,按4~1顺序反向计分[8]。⑤生活质量评分:选择WHOQOL-BREF简表(由世界卫生组织制订),量表分为生理、心理、环境、社会关系,单项最低为0分,最高为100分,得分越高生活质量越高[9-10];⑥护理满意度:选择自制调查问卷(效度为0.90,信度为0.88)调查患者满意度,调查问卷最高100分,划分3个范围(<60分为不满意、60~80分为一般满意、>80分为很满意),总满意率=很满意率+一般满意率[11]。
1.4 統计学方法
应用SPSS 26.0软件,计数资料表示为[n(%)],行χ2检验,计量资料表示为均数±标准差(x±s),行t检验,P<0.05时表示差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1 两组治疗依从性比较
在患者总依从率方面,与对照组比较,观察组更高(93.33% vs. 78.33%,P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2两组患者护理前后血糖水平、肾功能指标比较
两组的空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、血肌酐、尿素氮在护理后均较护理前降低(P<0.05),而护理后的空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、血肌酐、尿素氮在观察组中均低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3两组患者护理前后不良情绪评分比较
组内比较,两组患者护理后焦虑和抑郁评分均较护理前降低(P<0.05);两组间比较,护理前无统计学差异(P>0.05),护理后观察组均低于对照组(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.4两组患者护理前后生活质量评分比较
组内比较,两组患者护理后生活质量评分均较护理前增高(P<0.05);组间比较,护理前无统计学差异(P>0.05),护理后观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。见表4。
2.5两组护理满意度比较
护理总满意率观察组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(96.67% vs. 83.33%,P<0.05)。见表5。
3讨论
糖尿病肾病是糖尿病累及肾脏后引发的并发症,是导致糖尿病患者死亡的重要原因,多发生于老年人群,患者肾功能处于进行性损伤状态,需积极治疗[12-14]。临床针对糖尿病患者的肾功能损伤主张实施血液透析治疗,血液透析可通过持续的血液净化治疗,清除患者血液中毒素,减少毒素对肾功能的损伤,还可纠正酸碱平衡,减轻肾脏炎症反应[15-17]。但在血液透析治疗期间,由于血液透析需长期治疗,患者易产生焦虑、紧张等不良情绪,从而会影响到治疗效果[18-19]。且随着人们生活水平的不断提高,患者对护理提出了更高的要求,目前优质护理在多种临床疾病中应用,然而在老年糖尿病肾病血液透析中鲜有报道。
常规血透护理主要以健康宣教为主,对患者心理状态针对性不足,护理效果差强人意。近年来,优质化医疗服务的倡议在临床上逐渐推广开来,而在临床护理方面,形成了优质化护理模式,其主张优化原本的护理措施,针对患者具体需求,优化护理服务的各个细节,实现优质化护理服务[20-21]。优质化护理模式下的护理措施充分考虑到患者的护理需求和实际情况,不仅灵活性、针对性更强,还具有个性化的特点,可对患者护理需求进行满足,对实际存在或潜在的护理问题进行解决。本研究结果显示:(1)治疗总依从率观察组93.33%高于对照组78.33%(P<0.05),护理后的空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、血肌酐、尿素氮在观察组中均低于对照组(P<0.05),说明优质化护理可切实提高患者对血液透析治疗的配合度,更好地控制血糖和肾功能损伤进展;(2)护理后,与对照组相比,焦虑和抑郁评分观察组均更低,生活质量评分和护理总满意率观察组均更高(P<0.05),说明优质化护理还可减轻不良情绪,提升生活质量,使患者更加满意于护理服务,这主要是因为优质化护理模式下,心理护理帮助患者改善了其心理状况,而心理护理与其他护理措施落实后使患者病情(血糖增高、肾功能损伤等)得到了有效控制,减轻病情给患者生活质量造成的影响。2019年李永秀等[22]学者在糖尿病肾病透析患者中应用个体化的护理,其护理措施与本研究相似,结果显示个体化护理组患者的治疗依从性大大提高,且患者出现心血管等并发症的发生率也明显低于常规护理组,再一次证明优质化护理服务在老年糖尿病肾病患者血液透析期间的应用效果。
综上所述,在老年糖尿病肾病患者血液透析期间实施优质化护理服务,可有效增强患者的治疗依从性,有利于提高血糖控制效果,更好地改善肾功能,还可对患者心理状况、生活质量、护理满意度起到改善作用。
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(收稿日期:2021-02-25)