中国西藏2种锥螲蟷属蜘蛛记述(原蛛下目：盘腹蛛科)

张锋，余锟

(河北大学 生命科学学院，生命科学与绿色发展研究院，河北 保定 071002)

The genusConotheleThorell, 1878 belonging to the subfamily Ummidiinae of Halonoproctidae,can be distinguished from other genera of the family (except forUmmidia) by the presence of clavate trichobothria on the dorsal side of tarsi, and a saddle depression present on tibia Ⅲ. Morphologically,ConotheleandUmmidiaare undistinguishable, but theConothelecan be distinguished fromUmmidiaby the burrow behavior and the distribution: spiders ofConotheleoften construct a short and superficial burrow, parallel to the surface of ground or the tree trunk, the burrow ofUmmidiahaving a long and deep tunnel; spiders ofConotheledistributed in the Orient and Australasian regions,Ummidiadistributed in the America and Mediterranean regions. Presently, this genus including 30 species, 11 of which were found in China (WSC, 2021).

During the study of collections of MHBU, we found twoConothelespecies of Tibet. One of them isConothelelinzhiH. Liu, Xu, Zhang, F. Liu &Li, 2019, it is the firstConothelespecies described from Tibet, but known only from the female;here, this study reports the male ofC.linzhifor the first time.Another one is confirmed to be a new species:Conothelemedogasp. nov.. All measurements are in millimeters.

ConothelelinzhiH.Liu,Xu,Zhang,F.Liu&Li,2019(Fig.1a-g;Fig.2a-h)

Materialexamined2♂3♀，Baishuwang Garden, Bayi Town, Nyingchi City, Tibet, China, July 2002, leg. M. Zhu, Feng Zhang and Junxia Zhang (MHBU).

DiagnosisFemales ofC.linzhican be distinguished from other congeneric members by the large irregularly syncretic sigilla presents on the central sternum (Fig.2b), the distal part of stalks slightly Z-shaped and the terminal lobes of spermathecae hemisphere-shaped (Fig.2d); by the presence of long clavate setae on the ventral side of legs Ⅰ-Ⅲ (Fig.2f-h). Males morphologically resembleC.cangshan,C.deqinandC.taiwanensis, but can be distinguished fromC.cangshanandC.taiwanensisby a relatively slender palpal tibia without a proximal hump on the prolateral side; can be distinguished fromC.deqinby the fish-hook tooth at the tip of embolus not well-developed (Fig.1e-g).

DistributionChina (Tibet,Nyingchi).

Conothelemedogasp.nov.(Fig.3a-g)

MaterialexaminedHolotype♀. Dexing Town, 95.218 8 °E, 29.359 1 °N,1 900 m elev., Medog County, Nyingchi City, Tibet, China, 15 June 2020, leg. L. Yuan (MHBU).

EtymologyThe specific name is a noun refers to the type locality; noun (name) in apposition.

DiagnosisThe female of new species can be distinguished from otherConothelespecies by the terminal part of stalk thickening and coiled, the terminal lobes of spermathecae hemisphere-shaped (Fig.3e); by the corners of lateral edges of carapace slightly lower than the horizontal line of fovea (Fig.3a); can be distinguished fromC.linzhiby the absence of long clavate setae on the ventral side of legs Ⅰ-Ⅲ.

DistributionKnown only from the type locality.

锥螲蟷属Conothele隶属于盘腹蛛科Halonoproctidae潮螲蟷亚科Ummidiinae[1]，其与同科其他属(除潮螲蟷属Ummidia)区别在于所有跗节背侧具有棒状听毛、第Ⅲ步足胫节背面具1马鞍形凹陷.该属与潮螲蟷属在形态上尚无法区分，但近年的分子系统学研究支持该2属各自的单系性[1].该属可与潮螲蟷属区别于巢穴形态与分布区域：锥螲蟷属的巢穴通常极浅，仅能容身，潮螲蟷属的巢穴有长而深的洞道；锥螲蟷属分布于东洋区至澳洲区，潮螲蟷属分布于美洲与地中海地区.锥螲蟷属蜘蛛营穴居生活，在土表或树干上做短而浅、仅能容身的巢穴，并在巢穴入口覆以可开合的丝盖.目前，该属已知30种，均分布于东洋区至澳洲区，其中,中国已报道11种[4].

经鉴定河北大学博物馆馆藏标本，发现了2种产于中国西藏地区的锥螲蟷.其中，一种为林芝锥螲蟷ConothelelinzhiH. Liu, Xu, Zhang, F. Liu & Li, 2019，但目前仅记录雌性[2]，本文首次报道了林芝锥螲蟷的雄性.另一种经鉴定确定为1新种：墨脱锥螲蟷Conothelemedogasp. nov.，本文对其进行正式命名与描述.文中所有测量单位为mm.

锥螲蟷属ConotheleThorell, 1878

ConotheleThorell, 1878: 305; Xu et al., 2017: 66; Liu et al., 2019: 137.模式种：Conothelemalayana(Doleschall, 1859).

林芝锥螲蟷ConothelelinzhiH. Liu, Xu, Zhang, F. Liu & Li, 2019(图1a-g; 图2a-h)

ConothelelinzhiLiu et al., 2019: 137, f. 3a-j.

a.身体背面观；b.身体腹面观；c.颚叶与下唇，腹面观；d.左侧第Ⅲ步足，后侧面观；e. 左侧触肢器，后侧面观；f. 左侧触肢器，前侧面观；g.左侧触肢器，腹面观.图1 林芝锥螲蟷♂Fig.1 Conothele linzhi ♂

鉴别特征：该种雌性与同属其他种类的区别在于胸斑大而愈合，位于胸板的中央，外缘不规则(图2b)；交配管远端稍曲，近Z形，纳精囊顶部呈半球形(图2d)；第Ⅰ-Ⅲ步足腹面生有长的棒状刚毛(图2f-h).该种雄性在形态上接近于苍山锥螲蟷C.cangshan、德钦锥螲蟷C.deqin和台湾锥螲蟷C.taiwanensis，其与苍山锥螲蟷和台湾锥螲蟷的区别在于触肢胫节较修长、前侧面近端部无隆起；与德钦锥螲蟷的区别在于插入器末端钩状小齿不明显(图1e-g).

描述：雄性(图1 a-g)体长13.32(不含螯肢)；背甲长7.12，宽6.98；近圆形，呈红黑色，表面粗糙，具大量小沟和纹理；中窝前曲，近U形；头区稍隆起，额区极短，眼区靠近背甲前缘，前眼列稍前凹；眼的测量：前中眼0.43，前侧眼0.32，后中眼0.21，后侧眼0.30；前中、侧眼间距0.27，前中眼间距0.21，后中、侧眼间距0.13，后中眼间距0.92；螯肢粗短，背面呈红黑色，前端具明显螯耙；下唇长1.02，宽1.57；与胸板愈合，下唇与颚叶具少量退化棘突(图1c). 胸板长4.12，宽3.97；近梨形，呈红棕色，胸斑内缘愈合，在胸板中央形成1外缘不规则的大斑.步足测量：步足 Ⅰ 18.22 (5.23+3.24+4.17+3.25+2.33)，步足 Ⅱ 17.14 (4.83+3.22+3.76+3.07+2.26)，步足 Ⅲ 15.45 (4.17+3.02+3.28+2.74+2.24)，步足 Ⅳ 19.93 (5.42+3.57+4.13+4.24+2.57)，步足无长棒状刚毛；第Ⅲ步足转节背面具1突起，胫节背面稍内陷. 腹部长5.20，宽4.93.触肢胫节修长，前侧面近端无隆起，腹面远端稍内陷，具多条不规则横沟；生殖球表面粗糙，基部具大量浅纵纹，向远端逐渐不规则；储精囊(精管)区域外观色极深，呈黑褐色；插入器细长，向末端逐渐变窄，末端钩状小齿不明显.

a.身体背面观；b.身体腹面观；c.身体左侧面观；d.生殖器背面观；e.颚叶与下唇，腹面观；f.左侧第Ⅲ步足，后侧面观；g.左侧第Ⅱ步足胫节，后侧面观；h.长棒状刚毛，末端，后侧面观.图2 林芝锥螲蟷♀Fig.2 Conothele linzhi ♀

雌性(图2a-h)体长18.52(不含螯肢)；背甲长8.94，宽7.82；呈红棕色，表面较光滑；中窝前曲，近U形；背甲中央隆起，头区在体轴线的两侧自眼区至中窝位置具2条深色斑带，眼区紧贴背甲前缘，前眼列稍前凹；眼的测量：前中眼0.44，前侧眼0.28，后中眼0.22，后侧眼0.28；前中、侧眼间距0.31，前中眼间距0.19，后中、侧眼间距0.17，后中眼间距0.76；螯肢粗壮，背面呈红棕色，前端具明显螯耙.下唇长1.43，宽1.94，下唇与颚叶具大量短而粗的棘突.胸板长5.33，宽4.27；近梨形，呈红棕色，中央具1由胸斑聚合而成、外缘不规则的大斑.步足测量：步足Ⅰ 15.88(5.42+2.79+3.42+2.28+1.97)，步足Ⅱ 14.79 (4.56+2.43+3.04+2.98+1.78)，步足Ⅲ 12.90 (4.79+1.98+2.21+1.92+2.00)，步足Ⅳ 17.42 (5.40+2.87+2.93+3.25+2.97)；步足Ⅰ-Ⅲ具长棒状刚毛，第Ⅲ步足胫节背面具马鞍形凹陷.腹部长9.58，宽6.54.生殖器交配管远端近Z形，轻微骨化，呈红棕色；纳精囊顶部呈半球形，具较多腺孔.

镜检标本：2♂3♀，西藏自治区林芝市八一镇柏树王园林，2002-07，朱明生、张锋、张俊霞采.

分布：中国(西藏林芝).

墨脱锥螲蟷Conothelemedogasp. nov.(图3a-g)

镜检标本：正模♀，西藏自治区林芝市墨脱县德兴乡(95.218 8 °E, 29.359 1 °N, 1 900 m elev.)，2020-06-15，袁凌峰采.

a.身体背面观;b.身体腹面观;c.身体左侧面观；d. 颚叶与下唇，腹面观；e. 生殖器背面观；f.纺器，腹面观；g.左侧第Ⅲ步足，胫节到跗节，前侧面观.图3 墨脱锥螲蟷(♀),正模.Fig.3 Conothele medoga sp. nov.(♀), holotype

鉴别特征：该种雌蛛与同属其他种类区别在于交配管远端明显增厚盘曲、纳精囊顶部呈半球形(图3e)；背甲侧缘转角稍低于中窝所在的水平线(图3a)；与林芝锥螲蟷区别在于第Ⅰ—Ⅲ步足无长的棒状刚毛.

词源学：种名源于该新种的模式产地；同位语名词.

描述：雌性(正模)体长12.12(不含螯肢)，背甲长5.63，宽4.27；近梨形，较光滑，酒精中呈红棕色，前侧缘稍向前收束，侧缘转角略低于中窝所在的水平线；背甲中部隆起，顶部稍高于眼区的水平面；头区体轴线上具2根长刚毛，后部在体轴线的两侧各具1根长刚毛；中窝深，前曲，近U形. 眼区紧靠背甲前缘，前眼列轻微前凹；眼的测量：前中眼0.41，前侧眼0.29，后中眼0.19，后侧眼0.28，前中、侧眼间距0.22，前中眼间距0.18，后中、侧眼间距0.09，后中眼间距0.73；螯肢粗壮，背面呈红棕色，前端具明显螯耙；下唇长1.14，宽1.66；下唇与颚叶具大量短而粗的棘突(图3d)；胸板红棕色，长3.77，宽2.88，胸斑不明显，仅后胸斑较清晰，向胸板中央聚拢；步足测量：步足Ⅰ9.51 (3.43+1.90+2.28+1.01+0.89)，步足Ⅱ9.40 (3.37+1.68+2.09+1.13+1.13)，步足Ⅲ8.65 (2.09+1.22+2.05+2.02+1.27)，步足Ⅳ 11.60 (4.12+1.47+2.38+2.11+ 1.52)；步足无长的棒状刚毛；第Ⅲ步足转节背面凸起，胫节背面具马鞍形内陷.腹部长6.49，宽4.46.外雌器交配管远端轻微骨化，呈棕红色，明显增厚盘曲；纳精囊顶部呈半球形，腺孔较为分散不聚集.

雄性：未知.

分布：西藏.

致谢：感谢朱明生先生(河北大学)、张俊霞女士(河北大学)、袁凌峰先生(四川)的野外采集工作；感谢陈子昂先生(乌鲁木齐)赠送墨脱锥螲蟷正模标本.