Geography of California

王瑜

California is a state located in the western United States. It is the largest state in the union based on its population of over 35 million and it is the third-largest state （behind Alaska and Texas） by land area. California is bordered to the north by Oregon， to the east by Nevada， to the southeast by Arizona， to the south by Mexico and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Californias nickname is the “Golden State”. The state of California is most well known for its large cities， varied topography①， favorable climate， and large economy. As such， Californias population has grown quickly over the past decades and it continues to grow today via both immigration from foreign countries and movement from other states.

Geographic Facts About California

The following is a list of ten geographic facts to know about the state of California：

California was one of the most diverse regions for indigenous peoples in the United States with around 70 independent communities prior to the arrival of persons from other areas in the 1500s. The first explorer of the California coast was the Portuguese explorer João Rodrigues Cabrilho in 1542.

Throughout the rest of the 1500s， the Spanish explored Californias coast and eventually established 21 missions in what was known as Alta California. In 1821， The Mexican War of Independence allowed Mexico and California to become independent of Spain. Following this independence， Alta California remained as a northern province of Mexico.

In 1846， the Mexican-American War broke out and following the end of the war， Alta California became a U.S. territory. By the 1850s， California had a large population as a result of the Gold Rush and on September 9， 1850， California was admitted into the United States.

Today， California is the most populous state in the U.S. For reference， Californias population is over 39 million people， making it roughly the same as the entire country of Canada. Illegal immigration is also a problem in California and in 2010， around 7.3% of the population was made up of illegal immigrants.

Most of Californias population is

clustered② within one of three major metro-politan areas. These include the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Area， Southern California extending from Los Angeles to San Diego and Central Valley cities stretching from Sacramento to Stockton and Modesto.

California has varied topography that includes mountain ranges like the Sierra Nevada that run south to north along the eastern border of the state and the Tehachapi Mountains in Southern California. The state also has famous valleys like the agriculturally productive Central Valley and the wine-growing Napa Valley.

Central California is divided into two regions by its major river systems. The Sacramento River， which begins flowing near Mount Shasta in northern California， provides water to both the northern part of the state and the Sacramento Valley. The San Joaquin River forms the watershed for the San Joaquin Valley， another agriculturally productive region of the state. The two rivers then join to form the Sacramento-San  Joaquin  River  Delta  system

which is a major water supplier for the state， a water transit hub， and an incredibly biodiverse region.

Most of Californias climate is considered Mediterranean with warm to hot dry summers and mild wet winters. Cities located close to the Pacific coast feature a maritime climate with cool foggy summers， while the Central Valley and other inland locations can become very hot in the summer. For example， San Franciscos average July high temperature is 68°F （20°C） while Sacramentos is 94°F （34°C）. California also has desert regions like Death Valley and very cold climates in the higher mountain areas.

California is highly active geologically as it is located within the Pacific Ring of Fire. Many large faults such as the San Andreas run throughout the state making a large portion of it， including the Los Angeles and San Francisco metropolitan areas， prone to earthquakes. A portion of the volcanic Cascade Mountain Range also extends into northern California and Mount Shasta and Mount Lassen are active volcanoes in the area. Drought， wildfire， landslides， and flooding are other natural disasters common in California.

Californias economy is responsible for about 13% of the gross③ domestic product for the entire United States. Computers and electronic products are Californias largest export， while tourism， agriculture and other manufacturing industries make up a large part of the states economy.

注：① topography 地形

② cluster 聚集

③ gross 總共的