许杰,在美国推广中华文化
2021-09-06张慈
我接到旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆当代艺术策展负责人艾比的一条短信:“张慈:你好,我想把你介绍给我们的馆长许杰,庆祝你女儿香奈儿 ·米勒的新馆初展。您的电子邮件是什么,(能否告知)以便我们进行会议设置?”
我回复之后,很快就收到了亚博馆的会议设置。
2020年9月24号星期四,纽约曼哈顿下午6点,我在Zoom 上与许杰馆长见面了。纽约傍晚的落日余晖照进我的客厅,窗外的树影在透明的光線中摇曳,此刻对世界最好的感悟应该是无言而用心的。我从小就到处寻找着志同道合的朋友,想要与那些创造历史第一的个人相遇,许杰就是这样的人之一。与许杰在虚拟空间中相见的这个瞬间,就是我期待的生活中的那种快乐,因为他不仅是美国首位担任大型艺术博物馆馆长的华裔,还与我有着相似的教育背景和成长背景。
他与我的交流,主要是他对我女儿的著作及绘画艺术的赞美、欣赏,对我们家长如何培养孩子的一些好奇。他说:“我内心是非常希望香奈儿的故事在中国大陆和华语人群中传播。亚博支持她,也是希望她传递的信念和信息能走得更远更广阔。”谈到他领导下的亚博馆,他说:“在我看来,未来需要做的还有很多,亚洲已经在经济生活上成为美国文化、美国社会不可或缺的部分,但在文化艺术层面,亚洲艺术和文化并没有进入美国文化的主流圈,这是我要迎接的挑战。”
是的,占地球人口60%的亚洲,其文化和艺术为什么没有进入美国主流文化呢?要颠覆这样的社会现实又需要付出多长时间及多大的努力呢?
我对许杰从一个留学生到美国知名博物馆馆长的成长过程和经历非常了解,因为我曾经多次参观旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆并聆听许杰的讲座。只不过,我们俩从未单独进行交流,这次旧金山—纽约的会谈,是一次突破性的跨越对话,一个跨文化写作者与一个艺术界高层管理者之间的网上见面交谈,是一次值得记录的深刻交流体验。
1983年,大学刚毕业的许杰到上海博物馆当馆长秘书。那一年,正好赶上上海博物馆组织中国古代文明大展“六千年的中国艺术”,并前往旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆进行展览,这也是他接触到的第一个国外博物馆。
25年后,许杰出任旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆馆长,他也成为第一位担任美国大型博物馆馆长的华人。许杰说,这是他与亚洲艺术博物馆的缘分。
我与他的谈话重点,就是了解他在美国推广中华文化的根源及成就。
博物馆作为西方启蒙运动的产物,一般是把文物像神庙里的祭品一样来崇敬,观众是带着敬畏的心态、像走进神庙一样来瞻仰欣赏古代的文物。许杰则力推文物文化入民间,使来自亚洲地区的文物能够进入旧金山社区民众的生活,乃至进入来自世界各地游客们的日常生活。
许杰的工作获得外界高度评价。2015年,他当选美国人文与科学院院士,成为美国历史上首位当选该院院士的亚裔博物馆馆长。美国人文与科学院是美国历史最悠久的院士机构和全美最具声望的荣誉学会之一,1780年由美国第二任总统亚当斯创立,自成立以来其选中的院士囊括了每一时代美国各界的“思想家与行动家”。当选为该院院士一直是美国的最高荣誉之一。
不遗余力推广中华文明
数年来,许杰多次往返中美之间,参与学术会议,组织各种展览,不遗余力地在美国推广中华文明。
在许杰馆长的带领下,亚博在这十年中迎来了三场令人印象尤其深刻的大型中国文物特展,受到非常多观众的喜爱,也收获了业界认可。
2013年,正值迁址十周年,亚洲艺术博物馆举办了特展《中国兵马俑: 秦始皇时代的瑰宝》。被誉为世界第八大奇迹的“兵马俑”漂洋过海来到美国西岸,这123件展品来自陕西13个博物馆和考古研究单位,展览的精粹是10件真人等大的巨型兵马俑。
在推广这个展览的过程中,许杰和他的团队别出心裁,导演了一部兵马俑漫游记。许杰通过官网视频平台说,有个兵马俑在赴旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆的路上掉队了,发动湾区民众帮助寻找。他们请了一个演员,打扮成兵马俑的样子在湾区漫游,掀起了一股兵马俑的热潮。这个创意还获得美国博物馆协会的市场推广奖。
经过多年的策划和谈判,2016年,正值亚洲艺术博物馆成立50周年时,特展《皇帝品味:台北故宫博物院精品展》成功争取到台北故宫的多件镇馆之宝赴美展出,包括玉文化经典“肉形石”。
2017年,亚博与南京博物院合作,举办了特展《王陵瑰宝:中国汉代考古新发现》。160余件近年出土的汉代珍贵文物第一次来到美国,充分体现出汉代贵族对自己身后世界的关注:精制的金缕玉衣,玉壁棺材,“无烟”缸灯,镀金银的青铜器皿,以及依然可以演奏的钟磬乐器。策展方面,亚博还将汉朝与当今中国这两个时代联系起来,通过讲述展品背后的故事来创建古今对话,激发更多的思考。
许杰总能将古代文化和当代文化、亚洲文化和世界文化关联起来,创新展览形式,潜移默化影响每一个到访亚博馆的人。如今,许杰担任馆长已经十年,在他的带领下,亚博已成为向美国观众展示亚洲尤其是中国文化艺术的窗口。
从馆长秘书到青铜器行家
许杰出生在上海一个工人家庭,自幼对历史很感兴趣,他祖父是江苏一名私塾先生,家里一直有喜爱古代历史的传统。
年少时的许杰,从来没想到过会与博物馆行业有什么交集,而这一切的改变源于他1983年自上海大学毕业后到上海博物馆工作并担任馆长秘书。这为许杰日后进入博物馆界打开了一扇门。
上海博物馆素有中国文物界“半壁江山”之誉,馆藏文物近百万件,尤其是以青铜器、陶瓷器、书法、绘画为特色,是一座大型的中国古代艺术博物馆。近水楼台先得月,许杰在那里找到了乐趣,这些丰富的藏品让许杰有了从事研究的机会。
俗话说,寒窗苦读十年,不如名师一点。许杰服务的馆长都是中国文博界的泰斗。其中,马承源馆长是中国当代文博界古代青铜器、古文字研究领域的专家,他编写的《中国青铜器》一书,不仅系统地从青铜器的类别、纹饰、铭文、断代、铸造等多方面对中国青铜器的特性作出总结,还独辟“青铜器鉴定”一节,对各类作伪手段详加说明。此书被牛津大学翻译出版后影响极广。
许杰服务最久的就是马承源馆长,两人关系很好,马馆长工作之余总是给许杰指点迷津,从他身上学到了做学问的风格和曲径,这也是许杰选择将青铜器研究作为专攻方向的原因。
许杰在上海博物馆工作了七年,从一个对文物知之甚少的外行,成长为青铜器研究的行家里手,他经常被安排陪同来此参观的学者,这让他有了更多学习提高的机会。
从世界的角度看中国的历史
改革开放以来,中国的博物馆与世界各地的文化交流越來越频繁,中国文物大量走出国门,向世界各国人民传播中华悠久文明。中国为世界提供了极为丰富的研究资料,自然有不少外国学者到中国学习取经。
许杰得以到美国留学,就源于这样一个机会。在上海博物馆期间,普林斯顿大学著名教授、青铜器专家贝格立到上海博物馆交流,馆方安排许杰做他的助手,而这也促成两人的师生缘分。
他主动给许杰写信,邀请许杰前往美国留学,“你愿意到我们普林斯顿大学攻读中国早期考古艺术专业的话,普林斯顿大学可以提供全额奖学金”。
这个邀请得到马承源馆长的支持。自20世纪50年代后的30年中,西方的中国艺术史研究已经取得了重大进展,并在西方特别是美国大学中赢得了地位,成为一门受人尊重的学科。
许杰随后进入普林斯顿大学,攻读中国古代艺术考古专业,师从贝格立教授。虽然他在语言和研究方法上有些障碍,但得益于在上海博物馆的七年,他在普林斯顿大学的学习非常顺利。
当时,世界考古学经历了几次范式变换,但这些新的理念与方法还没有中国得到更广泛的应用。在普林斯顿大学,许杰得到了系统的学术训练,扩展了他的视野,在这之前他都是从中国的角度看中国古代的历史,从这以后他开始从世界的角度看中国的历史,而且把世界其他古代文明和中国的古代文明进行对比研究。许杰最大的转折点就是在普林斯顿大学取得的。
涉足美国博物馆界 一步一个脚印
求学期间,许杰已在美国的博物馆界崭露头角,许杰申请到纽约大都会博物研究基金并到亚洲艺术部实习。因为这份工作历练以在学校的优异表现,1996年底,许杰申请得到西雅图艺术博物馆中国艺术部主任一职,正式做了一名研究和策展人员。
此后,许杰在美国博物馆界越走越远,7年以后,他又被招募到芝加哥艺术博物馆担任亚洲艺术部主席。其间,他又兼管地中海地区的古代文明业务。许杰在博物馆工作期间,仍致力于学术方面的研究,并赢得多个专业奖项:国际艺术奖“岛田奖”(Shimada Prize for Outstanding Publication on Eastern Asian)(1997)、北美艺术图书馆协会乔治维顿纪念图书奖(George Wittenborn Memorial Book Award)(2002)、《Choice杂志》“杰出学术著作”奖(2006)等。这也为他的进一步发展打下基础,2008年旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆招馆长时,猎头就找到了许杰。
成立于1966年的旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆,拥有丰富的亚洲文物收藏,尤其是中国青铜器、陶瓷和亚洲佛像雕塑。其丰富的馆藏源自一位有着传奇色彩的收藏家和运动员、曾任国际奥林匹克委员会主席达20年之久的芝加哥实业家艾维瑞·布伦戴奇,他当年慷慨捐赠了近8000件以中国艺术品为主的收藏给旧金山市,由此成立了亚洲艺术博物馆。
现在,亚洲艺术博物馆成为许杰在美国推广中华文化的一个重要平台。2019年,筹款1.3亿美元转型的旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆重新对公众开放的计划被疫情阻碍一再推迟。10个月后终于启动的一系列当代艺术展览,让公众看到这家拥有全美最多亚洲艺术藏品的老牌博物馆的显著变化。作为亚博转型项目的重要组成部分,由博物馆当代艺术部门主管艾比 · 陈主导的系列当代艺术展览和活动启动后,得到了多家美国主流媒体的关注,其中被讨论最多的,就是艺术家香奈儿 · 米勒(Chanel Miller)创作的三联壁画构成的展览《我曾、我是、我将》(I Was, I Am, I Will Be)。这个展出,让旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆成为旧金山市的新地标。
作为旧金山亚洲艺术博物馆馆长,许杰不仅是一位杰出的艺术界高层管理者,他更是在维护族裔平等上展现了卓越的领导力。3月16日亚特兰大枪击案发生次日,许杰馆长就在他的艺术博物馆官网上发表公开信:“立即停止对亚裔施暴。”回到开头我的疑问:占地球人口60%的亚洲,其文化和艺术为什么没有进入美国主流文化呢?要颠覆这样的社会现实又需要付出多长时间及多大的努力呢?
正所谓,答案在风中飘。亚裔在美国的人口基数较小,政治与文化影响力较低。不论许杰还是我们,都有漫长的路要走。我知道,许杰已经在这条路上迈出了坚定而扎实的步伐,而他的愿景相信在不久的将来就会在中国5000多年文明文化,璀璨艺术历史的映照中得以实现。
Xu Jie: Promoting Chinese Culture in the United States
By Zhang Ci
I met with Xu Jie, also known as Jay Xu, director of the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, on Zoom on Thursday afternoon, September 24, 2020, when the afterglow of the sunset shone into my living room in Manhattan, and the shadow of the trees outside the window swayed gently. Since I was a child, I have been looking for like-minded friends everywhere, hoping to associate with those individuals who can make history. Xu Jie is one of them. He is the first ethnic Chinese to serve as the director in a major art museum in America, and also a handsome Chinese who has the same educational background as me.
Our conversation mainly involved my daughter Chanel Millers writings and paintings and her first exhibition I was, I am, I will be. “The Asian Art Museum supports Chanel in the hope of her story having growing influence in China as well as among overseas Chinese-speaking communities,” Xu Jie said. Speaking of the Asian Art Museum under his leadership, he said, “There is still a lot to do in the future. Asia has become an indispensable part of American society in economy, but not in culture and art.” That is the challenge he is taking on. Why hasnt the culture and art of Asia, with 60% of the earths population, became the mainstream in the United States? How long and how much effort will it take to radically change such a reality?
Xu Jies connection with the Asian Art Museum started from 1983, when the Shanghai Museum held an exhibition named Six Thousand Years of Chinese Art in the United States. Xu Jie served as the secretary of Shanghai Museum then and some 25 years later he became the director of the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco. To Xu, it was just meant to be.
Compared with the traditional museum culture in which audiences are guided to admire ancient cultural relics as if they walk into a temple with awe, Xu Jie, however, strives to integrate these cultural relics into peoples daily life in San Francisco, and even to the everyday life of tourists from all over the world. This is something that is truly remarkable.
Over the years, Xu Jie has traveled frequently between China and the United States, participated in academic conferences, organized various exhibitions, and spared no effort to promote Chinese culture in the United States. Under his leadership, the Asian Art Museum has held three impressive large-scale exhibitions of Chinese cultural relics in the past ten years, which have been loved by many audiences and also won recognition from peers.
One of them was Chinas Terracotta Warriors: The First Emperors Legacy, held in 2013. The main exhibits were ten life-size Chinese Terracotta Warriors from the Shaanxi Museum. Xu Jie and his teams creative program which asked people in the Bay Area to looking for the lost terracotta warrior attracted a lot of attention and won the Marketing Award of the American Association of Museums. Another one is Tomb Treasures: New Discoveries from Chinas Han Dynasty in 2017, in cooperation with the Nanjing Museum, displaying over 160 precious cultural relics of Han Dynasty in the US for the first time.
Xu Jie can always connect diffe rent cultures with creative exhibitions to exert a continuous influence on people who visit the Asian Art Museum. Under his leadership in the past decade, the museum has gradually become a window to show Asian, especially Chinese culture in the US.
Xu Jie has been very interested in history since he was a child. After graduation from Shanghai University in 1983, he joined Shanghai Museum, which was known with a collection of nearly one million cultural relics, as the secretary to its director. Shanghai Museums rich collection piqued Xu Jies interest and provided him with an excellent opportunity to engage in research. More important was that he had the chance to work and learn from quite a number of museum experts, one of whom was Ma Chengyuan. Director Ma was an expert in ancient Chinese bronzes and characters. His book Ancient Chinese Bronzes, after translated and published by the Oxford University Press, caused a big stir in the world. It was also because of his influence that Xu Jie chose to conduct in-depth research on bronzes.
After seven years work in the Shanghai Museum, Xu Jie grew into an expert in bronzes. He got an invitation to study in the United States from Robert Bagley, a famous professor and bronze expert at Princeton University, whom he assisted during a museum exchange activity in Shanghai. With the support of Ma Chengyuan, he entered Princeton University and majored in ancient Chinese art and archaeology. At Princeton University, Xu Jie received systematic academic training and broadened his horizons. He was able to view Chinese history from a global perspective and compare other ancient civilizations in the world with that of China. It must be admitted that studying at Princeton University was the biggest turning point in Xu Jies life.
During his studies, Xu Jie obtained an internship at the Department of Asian Art of the New York Metropolitan Museum. After graduation, he got more and more opportunities in the museum world, taking important positions in different museums. While working in different museums, he was still committed to academic research and won many professional awards, including the Shimada Prize for Outstanding Publication on Eastern Asian (1997), the Art Libraries Society of North Americas George Wittenborn Memorial Book Award (2002), the Choice magazines Outstanding Academic Book Award (2006), among others, which also laid the foundation for his further development. In 2008, when the headhunters recruited the director for the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, Xu Jie attracted their attention.
The Asian Art Museum of San Francisco has a rich collection of Asian cultural relics, especially Chinese bronzes, ceramics and Asian Buddha sculptures. It has been an important platform for Xu Jie to promote Chinese culture. A series of Asia contemporary art exhibitions have been organized and attracted many American mainstream media to report on them. One of the most popular ones was Chanel Millers I Was, I Am, I Will Be.
Xu Jie is not only an outstanding leader at the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, but also has demonstrated outstanding leadership in safeguarding ethnic equality. The day after the shooting in Atlanta on March 16, 2021, Xu Jie posted an open letter on the museums website: “Stop Anti-Asian Violence Now.”
Indeed, as Asian Americans are still a relatively small group of community in the United States, they do not have much influence in politics and culture. Both Xu Jie and all of us will have a long way to go as far as the promotion of Asian art and culture us concerned. Fortunately, Xu Jie has already started his work.