我认识西湖了
2021-09-06孙昌建
孙昌建
一部江南诗,半部在西湖。这里的西湖既是指世界文化遗产的西湖,也是指西湖范围内的实地实景。近现代以来,沪杭、浙赣铁路的开通,杭州市政建设的进步,再加上1929年西湖博览会的成功举办,这一切都大大提高了杭州和西湖的知名度。而所谓“江山也要文人捧”,诗人、作家更是创作了大量关于西湖风景的著名诗文,这些诗文既是一地一景的人文故事,更是杭州和西湖的最佳读本。
诞生于浙江第一师范学校的湖畔诗社,堪称中國A的第一个白话诗社,他们以“湖畔”命名,歌笑在湖畔、歌哭在湖畔。
湖畔诗人在西湖边创办诗社,一起游山玩水,写作了大量跟西湖有关的诗篇,这其中有一部分是爱情诗,有一部分则是以景来抒怀咏志的。以冯雪峰为例,他在1922年的3月29日,写下了《灵隐道上》一诗——
在到灵隐去的那条路上,
我们碰着许多轿子;
但我只留眼过一把。
轿夫底脸还没有洗,
可见他们底早餐也不曾用过了;
但这时太阳已经很高了。
轿内是个一个年青的妇人,
伊坐得很端正,
却睨着眼儿看着我们;
伊虽打扮得很美丽,
却遮不了满心的悲苦。
——于是我们知道
苦痛的种子已散遍人间了。
这就是写人间疾苦的。而在《栖霞岭》这一短诗中冯雪峰又写出了一种别样的“寂寞”——
栖霞岭上底大树,
虽然没有红的白的花儿飞,
却也萧萧地脱了几张叶儿破破寂寞。
当然,冯雪峰的诗也不全是这样凄苦的,他的《杨柳》就很轻灵飘逸——
杨柳弯着身子侧着耳,
听湖里鱼们底细语;
风来了,
他摇摇头叫风不要响。
应修人写西湖则完全是航拍和使用大摇臂的感觉——
从堤边、水面,
远近的杨柳掩映里,
雨前的群鱼蹦跳中,
我认识西湖了!
应修人还在六和塔下写下了《江之波涛》一诗,他的前六句是这样的——
江树一步步移到眼底了。
海边一回回拉到天幕了。
一级级我登上六和塔底最高级了。
西湖给月轮山搂入了怀里吗?
我移看伊底爱,
赠给钱塘江吧!
潘漠华在“伴修人、雪峰、静之游西湖”时写下了《塔下》一诗,其中第二节是这样写的——
保俶塔下留连着夕阳的古道上,
我们晚静的心里,
各自梳理着今天底游情:
把草花放在笛头;
手儿交在背后,
懒懒地慢步归来。
而在汪静之的眼里,西湖之景处处是情,这体现在他的《西湖小诗》里——
二
保俶,雷峰遥遥相对,
为什么不能握手?
十三
阮公墩和湖心亭热烈地爱着,
不至于不能自由结婚罢?
十六
我找不到一个伴侣在三潭印月,
真是寂寞煞人也呵!
湖畔诗社的另一位成员谢旦如也在《苜蓿花》一诗中这样写道——
二十
梦里的闲愁抛不去,
白天的希望又似青烟,——
两手空空的,日又斜了!
二十一
旗在风里碎了。
我底祖国呀,
我底中华!
除了湖畔诗社的成员之外,新文化运动的先锋人物胡适于1923年在烟霞洞住过一段时间,因为那时他的小表妹曹珮声正在杭州上学,他写有《南高峰上看日出》一诗,胡适在小记中说:“七月二十九晨,与任百涛先生、曹珮声女士在西湖南高峰上看日出;后二日,奇景壮观,犹在心目,遂写成此篇。”全诗如下——
我们等的不耐烦了!
东方还只是一线暗淡的红云,
还只是一颗微茫的晨星,
还指不定那一点是日出的所在!
晨星渐渐淡下去了,
红云上面似乎有一处特别光亮了。
山后的月光仍旧照耀着,
海上的日出仍旧没有消息,
我们很疑心这回又要失望了!
忽然我们一齐站起来了:
“起来了!”“现在真起来了!”
先只像深夜远山上的一线野烧,
立刻就变成半个灿烂的月华了!
一个和平温柔的初日冉冉地全出来了!
这一年,瞿秋白就在俞平伯的陪同下去看望过在杭州休养的胡适,之后瞿秋白写下了《飞来峰和冷泉亭》一诗,发表在一九二三年七月二十日的《民国日报》觉悟副刊上,后来又刊发于《新青年》季刊第二期上。因为没有被选入《瞿秋白文集》,所以一般不易看到,此诗的全文是这样的——
飞来峰下坐听瀑泉,
我恨不能再乘风飞去。
且来此冷泉石上,
做个中流的砥柱。
只听你湍流奔泻,
急节繁响怒号千古。
始终听不出个:
“你为什么飞来,
为什么又飞不去?”
难道虚名儿叫冷,
出山心却热!——
怪不得这样咆哮奔放,
如泄积怒,
毕竟也枉称飞来,
原来是力求飞去。
有的作家诗人在杭州的经历,也许谈不上是美谈,但因为其写下的文章,也就成为了“美谈”,这方面的代表人物即是诗人郭沫若。
1925年的正月十四日晚,刚刚从日本回到上海的郭沫若收到了一封字迹娟秀的信,开头就是这么说的:“梅花这几天一定开得很好了,月也快圆了,你如果想到西湖去玩,最好这几天去,我们也可以借此得以一叙……”这个写信的人叫余猗筠,从名字看无疑是位女子。她知道郭沫若的地址,肯定也知道他的性格爱好,所以才会写信相邀。要知道当时郭沫若刚从日本回国不久,他的日本籍妻子安娜马上就要生第四个孩子了。然而当郭沫若把此信给妻子看时,安娜竟然表示同意,而且还让他借钱去杭州。
郭沫若到了杭州后就按照信中所寫的,到昭庆寺边上的一家小旅店找余小姐,但是他却实实在在被放了一回“鸽子”,回到上海之后他写下了著名的《孤山的梅花》一文,他写了被“放鸽子”的经历,倒也显得坦诚,文中他是这样写的——
梅花既然还没有开,孤山是可以不必去的。……其次呢?……月亮出得很迟了,或者我们在夜半的时候,再往孤山去赏月,那比看梅花是更有趣味的。
月没有赏到,梅花大约也没有赏到,要知道那个时候孤山、灵峰和西溪都是杭州的赏梅胜地。
32年之后的1957年,郭沫若又写下《钱塘江大桥》一诗,可以说在写钱江大桥的诗中是颇有代表性的,全诗是这样的——
第一次来到钱塘江大桥,
夕阳照着嫩黄的江水滔滔。
六和塔在发出红色的微笑,
好象在说:这儿比西湖还好。
忽然间全桥在隐隐地震跃,
原来还有下桥敷设着铁道。
铁道上正通过南下的火车,
这就增加了戏剧性的微妙。
如果只是江山的一片静美,
不会深刻地鼓动我的心扉。
是劳动改造了自然和社会,
使江山焕发出生命的光辉。
而就写西湖、写杭州者中量多质优、传播甚广者,当属文学大家郁达夫。且不说他日记中对杭州范围内物事的描述,仅单篇文章的题目就有《西溪的晴雨》《花坞》《龙门山路》等,由此可以看出在20世纪30年代,他笔下的杭州城西区域,是个野趣盎然之地。而如果从今天三江两岸的概念来说,郁达夫无疑是这一块胜地的最佳形象代言人,因为他的游记文章不少就是写这个区域的,比如像龙坞、留下、花坞和西溪等地,都是因为有了郁达夫诗文的加持,其文化含量大大增加了,而且从今天来看,还没有哪一个现代作家的游记能超过郁达夫的影响力。
在现代作家和名人中如果要举出写西湖、写西溪、写钱塘江的,那就不胜枚举了,除了前面提到的几位,单讲散文作家还有林琴南、陈去病、徐自华、李叔同、天虚我生、王莼农、姚石子、顾无咎、陈望道、刘大白、徐志摩、鲁迅、俞平伯、许杰、陈学昭、庐隐、钟敬文、张其昀、张恨水、朱自清、夏承焘、孙席珍、梁得所、丰子恺、林风眠、黄忏华、林语堂、傅东华、宋春舫、夏丏尊、巴金等,其实这个名单可以长长地续写下去,包括一些外国的著名作家,像日本的芥川龙之介,就曾写过长篇游记。另有一些外国传教士,百年前他们的文字和摄影,已成为杭州也成为西湖最珍贵的记忆。
有的作家的名篇就是直接写杭州的某一个地方,如魏金枝发表于1926年的《留下镇上的黄昏》,有的选家是将之当作一篇小说来看的。魏金枝在浙江第一师范学校毕业之后,也确实在西湖区的留下工作过一段时间。1949年之后,生活在杭州的著名作家陈学昭就以西湖区的茶农生活为素材,创作出了长篇小说《春茶》,当时还在《杭州日报》上连载过。
小学在杭州就读的著名作家袁鹰1982年到望江山疗养,后来写出了《望江山随笔》四篇发表在《人民文学》杂志上,将位于转塘、如今的中国美术学院象山校区边上的疗养胜地望江山告知了全国的读者。
认识杭州西湖的方式有很多种,而从前辈作家的诗文中认识西湖也是一种好的方式,阅读他们的诗文,既是一种怀念,更能让我们了解杭州和西湖。
The Other Side of the West Lake
By Sun Changjian
It is said that of the poems written on Jiangnan (south of the Yangtze River), half are about the West Lake. After the collapse of the Qing dynasty (1616-1911), the opening of the Shanghai-Hangzhou railway and the Zhejiang-Jiangxi railway, the improvement of Hangzhou municipal construction and the success of the 1929 West Lake Exposition all helped greatly raise the popularity of Hangzhou and the West Lake, in particular with writers and poets of the time, who in turn composed a great number of poems and essays about these two places.
One group that stood out was the “lakeside” poets. Established in 1922 at the Zhejiang First Normal College, Lakeside Poetry Society is considered to be Chinas first vernacular poetry society. Among its leading members are Ying Xiuren (1900-1933), Pan Mohua (1902-1934), Wang Jingzhi (1902-1996) and Feng Xuefeng (1903-1976). While they wrote love poems, many of their poetry focused on expressing their aspirations and enthusiasm via the West Lake sceneries.
“On the Road to Lingyin Temple”, penned by Feng on March 29, 1922, wrote of peoples sufferings at the time:
On that road to the Lingyin Temple,
we met many a sedan chair.
I set my eyes only on one of them.
The bearers didnt wash their faces,
which meant they hadnt had their breakfast.
But the sun was already high on the sky.
Inside the chair was a young lady,
sitting upright but looking sideways at us.
Although pretty, her makeup couldnt hide a heart
that is full of grief.
Now we know,
the seeds of sufferings have been sown
all over the world.
In “Qixia Hill”, a short poem, Feng wrote:
The big tree on Qixia Hill,
though without red and white flowers,
has shed several leaves to break loneliness.
Of course, not all of Fengs poems are about misery and solitude, his “Willow” is bright and springy:
The willow is bending down and giving ear to
the murmurings of fish in the lake.
The wind has come.
He shakes his head, telling the wind to be quiet.
Under the pen of Ying Xiuren, it is as if a drone is taking an aerial photo of the West Lake:
From the banks, the water surface
and the reflections of willows far and near,
I know the West Lake now!
In another of Yings poem, “Rivers Waves”, written under the Liuhe Pagoda, the first six lines read:
Step by step, the river and the trees move closer to the eye.
Over and over, the seaside draws nearer to the sky.
Story by story, I ascend to the top of the Liuhe Pagoda.
Has the West Lake fallen into Yuelun Mountains embrace?
I will appropriate the love for you,
and gift it to the Qiantang River!
Pan Mohua wrote the poem “Under the Pagoda” after travelling around the West Lake with Ying Xiuren, Feng Xuefeng and Wang Jingzhi, the second stanza of which reads:
Under the Baochu Pagoda,
on the ancient trail reluctant to part with the setting sun,
in our hearts, each of us is organizing feelings of todays travels:
Put grass and flowers at the tip of the flutes,
hands behind the back,
and return home slow and lazy.
For Wang Jingzhi, love lies in every piece of the West Lake sceneries. In his “A Little Poem on the West Lake”, he wrote:
Two
Baochu Pagoda and Leifeng Pagoda eye each other from afar.
Why cant they hold hands?
Thirteen
Ruan Gong Islet is in fierce love with the Mid-Lake Pavilion.
They wont be denied a free marriage, will they?
Sixteen
I cant find a partner on Three Pools Mirroring the Moon.
What loneliness!
Other members of the Lakeside Poetry Society left memorable lines as well. For example, Xie Danru (1904-1962) once wrote in his poem “Clover Flower”:
Twenty
Sorrows in my dreams cant be cast aside.
Hopes in the day are like a wisp of smoke –
Empty-handed, and the sun is setting again!
Twenty-one
The flag is breaking in the wind.
My motherland,
My China!
Apart from the society, renowned literary figures of the period also wrote extensively on Hangzhou, especially the West Lake sceneries.
Hu Shi (1891-1962), a leader of the New Culture Movement, once wrote about sunrise in his poem “Watching the Sunrise on the Southern Peak” while recuperating in Hangzhou in 1923 when he lived near the Yanxia Cave. After visiting Hu Shi in the same year, Qu Qiubai (1899-1935), Hus close friend and one of the very first to have translated “The Internationale” and introduced it to China, authored “The Flying Peak and the Cold Spring Pavilion”, a poem later published in the New Youth, a magazine that had a strong influence on the New Culture Movement. Since the poem was not collected in the more popularly circulated An Anthology of Qu Qiubais Works, it is not commonly accessible. It reads:
Listening to the billowing spring under the Flying Peak,
I hate it that I cant fly away in the wind.
Come and stand on the stone of the Cold Spring,
and be a pillar rock in the midstream.
Now listen to the rushing and flowing water,
rapid and thunderous for thousands of years.
I still cant tell:
“why did you fly here,
and why dont you fly away?”
Is it that your name is Cold,
but your heart is Warm!
No wonder you are roaring with spirit,
as if venting the pent-up anger.
While claiming to be “flying here”,
you are in fact trying to flying away.
On the other hand, when it comes to travel writings on the West Lake and Hangzhou, no other modern travel writer can perhaps top Yu Dafa (1896-1945), in terms of both quality and quantity as well as transmission. Not only did his diaries contain numerous descriptions of Hangzhou, he wrote a host of prose essays on Xixi, Huawu, Liuxia, Longwu, among other places, which have made them more culturally attractive.
Indeed, so many famed writers have lauded the West Lake, the Qiantang River, Xixi and Hangzhou in general, including Lu Xun, Guo Moruo (1892-1978), Li Shutong (1880-1942), Xu Zhimo (1897-1937), Zhu Ziqing (1898-1947)…that the list can go on and on. The travelogues by foreign literary figures, such as Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, the father of Japanese short story, and various missionaries have also become precious memories of the citys past.
Of the ways to know the West Lake and Hangzhou, there are many. Reading the works of these authors is undoubtedly one of the best.