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丝路连世界 锦绣绘地图

2021-09-06李晋芳

文化交流 2021年7期
关键词:丝绸遗产博物馆

李晋芳

精美绚烂的丝绸如何跟地图联系到了一起呢?“丝绸之路周”上,一个立足全球视野、聚焦世界丝绸遗产的项目——“世界丝绸互动地图国际合作项目”对此进行了解读。

这个项目是由中国学者和学术机构牵头,国际学术同行组织实施资源调查、技术研发和示范应用,探寻世界丝绸起源、传播与交流的时空规律,建成世界丝绸互动地图的应用平台,旨在完善世界丝绸遗产框架,加强对丝绸遗产的认知,推动传播和弘扬丝绸之路精神。

五大元素齐聚

世界:丝绸源于中国,丝路始于中国,早在公元前3世纪,丝绸就到达了欧洲,并渐渐传播到欧亚大陆。因此,丝绸是属于全世界的文化遗产。

丝绸:丝绸及其相关遗产具有多元异构属性,表现为丝绸生产涉及多环节,如栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织造、印染、缝制等,因此产生了多元的研究对象,包括蚕丝纤维、天然染料、织造技术、图案风格、产品样式等;同时,丝绸遗产是长期存在的,涉及史前、历史时期、近代、当下等,这便决定了丝绸遗产的异构性,所以可以从考古文物、非物质文化、文献记载、图像遗存、生产工具等多方面入手。

互动:本项目搭建的“锦秀”门户网站可以提供数据资源、时空可视化、知识图谱三大功能。它的互动性体现在三个方面:一是众筹性。由中国学者在全球范围内牵头和引领国际学术界收集整理丝绸遗产信息、研究丝绸发展规律的项目,信息筹集也可以包括一般爱好者;二是参与性。所有的信息、展示、服务和学习都是参与的,使用者可以通过互动达到学习与交流;三是增长性。项目完成后,平台是开放的,平台上的信息是增长的、知识是增长的、其服务功能也是增长的。

地图:作为一幅地图,从时间维度上,它可以显示丝绸遗产从起源时期、新石器时代、商周、秦汉、晋唐、宋、元、明、清、近代到现代的信息,从空间维度上,它展示了亚洲、欧洲、非洲、美洲等以及重要国家和地图的信息。更为重要的是,项目组会在采集所有信息的基础上,探究世界丝绸遗产的时空规律,特别是关于丝绸产品、缫丝和丝织技术的传播;丝织产品、织机及织造技术、染料和染色技术、以及艺术设计的交流。

国际合作:项目负责人即中国丝绸博物馆馆长赵丰,在世界范围内召集了丝绸相关领域各行各业的专家,共同进行资料的收集和采集工作,同时要求各专家在各自擅长领域进行深入研究,如染料在全世界的传播规律、织机的传播规律等。

经过一年的筹备,在2020年6月19日的项目启动仪式上,有英国、法国、意大利、西班牙、丹麦、俄罗斯、印度尼西亚、日本、韩国、荷兰、泰国、埃及共12国约20余名国外学者明确表示参加并签署了合作意向书,其中包括丹麦哥本哈根大学纺织品研究中心、以色列考古所、英国华威大学、韩国传统文化大学、俄罗斯斯塔夫罗波尔考古所、美国纺织图案研究基金会、埃及开罗伊斯兰艺术博物馆等。本项目的中国团队则由中国丝绸博物馆联合东华大学、浙江大学、浙江理工大学、中国计量大学、浙江大学出版社有限责任公司、杭州宣源科技有限公司、杭州银美科技有限公司组成。

丝綢地图的初心和外延

丝绸地图的项目不是凭空想出的,也并不是毫无基础的,该项目经过了长时间的构思和尝试。

2015年,在国际丝路之绸研究联盟(IASSRT)成立会议上,中国丝绸博物馆馆长赵丰作为联盟主席提出设想,希望能够将地图项目作为联盟的一项具体的合作项目。2018年,配合“神机妙算:世界织机与织造艺术”展览,中国丝绸博物馆初步研发了一套“传统织机学术地图”,用于展示世界各地的传统织机;同年在阿曼举办的“丝茶瓷:丝绸之路上的跨文化对话”展览上,中国丝绸博物馆又在织机地图的基础上增加了一些丝绸和茶叶的板块;这个地图可以看作互动地图的雏形。2019年,中国丝绸博物馆联合相关团队成功申报了科技部重点研发项目“世界丝绸互动地图关键技术研发和示范应用”,这标志着项目正式立项。

此外,项目的成型和申报还得到了联合国教科文组织“丝绸之路项目”部门的大力支持,2019年3月,该部门在西班牙瓦伦西亚组织召开了丝绸之路互动地图项目丝绸纺织服装卷的专家协调会。

互动地图项目不仅仅是完成一个地图网站,它还在采集丝绸相关遗产的数据、研究世界丝绸遗产时空规律、构建丝绸遗产时空关联数据中心、搭建数据服务引擎等方面全方位地探索和展示丝绸内涵。与此同时,这个项目成果也可以进行广泛的应用,项目实施过程中所积累的资源也可以进行有效的转化。

国际合作的标杆

显然,这样一个跨学科、跨国别、涉及多方的国际性合作项目在构想和实施的过程中会遇到大量的问题,尤其是在面对2020年突如其来的新冠疫情时,原计划前往意大利和法国进行的项目示范都被迫延期。但总体来说,这个项目也是中国丝绸博物馆多年来深耕丝绸遗产研究和国际合作基础上打造的一大标杆项目。

选择丝绸作为项目题材,必然与本身的研究领域相关。但最重要的考虑是丝绸作为一个国际化的研究题材,它不限于一个国家或一个地区,这样才可能指向一个国际化的合作方向。近些年来,中国丝绸博物馆除了努力拓展丝绸研究的深度和广度外,也一直在开拓新的研究领域,如丝绸之路和丝绸时尚。赵丰馆长经常说,中国丝绸博物馆要走一条丝绸之路,还要走一条时尚之路。

联合一批国际专家学者是开展国际化的学术研究项目的核心。中国丝绸博物馆在这方面已有一定基础,其中2015年以中国丝绸博物馆牵头成立的国际丝路之绸研究联盟是最关键的力量。除了该联盟之外,中国丝绸博物馆在全球积极寻找合作专家,因为在地图上必须要考虑到地区的均匀分布以及信息的完整性。截止到今天,合作参与的学者来自全球30个机构,其中欧洲14家、亚洲12家、美洲两家、非洲两家。

作为一个国际化的学术研究项目,如何扩大项目的影响力和传播力,也是需要探索和思考的问题。

本項目在进行顶层设计时,便考虑到了这点,因此专门设计了“示范应用”环节,即将项目研制的具有时空特性的锦秀平台通过展览和展示的形式,在古代陆上和海上丝绸之路的重要节点意大利、中国、泰国以及法国巴黎联合国教科文组织总部进行示范应用。这无疑会扩大项目本身在国际范围内的传播和应用。

此外,项目还积极寻求国际组织的支持。经过多方沟通,此项目得到了联合国教科文组织“丝绸之路项目”部门的大力支持:2019年3月在西班牙瓦伦西亚召开了丝绸之路互动地图项目丝绸纺织服装卷的专家协调会;2020年4月,联合国教科文组织与中国丝绸博物馆签署了共同研究和出版《丝绸之路上的文化互动专题集:纺织服装卷》的协议,该书预计于2021年年底正式出版。

曾经,古老的丝绸之路连接了相距遥远的国度;现在,丝绸之路仍然焕发着无穷活力,继续连接着丰富多彩的世界。中国丝绸博物馆立足于自身,希望通过这幅“锦秀”绘成的丝绸地图,通过数字资源的形式将世界范围内与丝绸相关的重要信息都呈现给大众和国际社会。

Connecting the World and Weaving the Map of Silk

By  Li Jinfang

Resplendent silk and a world map? What do they have in common? How and why do you put these together? During the 2021 Silk Road Week, a project named “World Silk Interactive Map” was introduced and made a detailed demonstration.

Initiated by the cultural heritage community in China, this international project is joined by international academic institutions to jointly conduct investigations, carry out research and development, and demonstrate its applications. It intends to explore the temporal and spatial patterns of silks origins, transmissions and exchanges around the world, and build an interactive application platform of world silk. Ultimately, the project aims to improve the framework of the world Silk Heritage, enhance the recognition of the Silk heritage, and promote the dissemination and promotion of the Silk Road Spirit.

Both silk and the Silk Road originated from China. In as early as the third century BC, silk had already reached Europe and gradually spread across the Eurasian continent. In this sense, silk is also a cultural heritage that belongs to the whole world.

Silk and its related heritage have diversified and heterogeneous properties, which are reflected in the fact that silk production contains multiple links, such as mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling, weaving, printing and dyeing, sewing, etc. As a result, multiple research objects are involved, including silk fiber, natural dye, weaving technologies, patterns, among others. At the same time, silk heritage spans a long time period: from prehistoric times to the present, which determines its heterogeneity. Therefore, cultural relics, intangible culture, documentary records, images, tools of production and various other angles can all be approached to study silk heritage.

The Jinshow web portal, part of the World Silk Interactive Map project, helps exactly achieve that end. With three functional modules, namely data resources management, spatiotemporal visualization and knowledge graph, the portal shows silk heritage through its birth right to the present times, providing detailed geographical information on Asia, Europe, Africa, the Americas and major countries and regions connected to silk. Perhaps more significantly, the temporal and spatial patterns of silks origins, transmissions and exchanges, especially on silk products, the transmission of weaving technologies, and the exchanges on looms, loom technologies, dyeing technologies and artistic designs, are expected to be studied as more information is gathered.

The portal is interactive in three major aspects. For one thing, it is inclusive, in that information gathering can be done not only by professional researchers, but also by silk lovers. For another, it is participatory. From information gathering to research and study on silk, users can interact and communicate freely with other users. Finally, it is ever-growing: the portal will continue to be open to the participants, with growing information, growing knowledge and growing functions, even after the project finishes its course.

Contrary to what some might believe, such a project is never born out of fanciful thinking. Instead, it went through much rigorous review and testing.

In 2015, Zhao Feng, director of the China National Silk Museum, floated the idea of creating a world silk interactive map at the founding conference of the International Association for the Study of Silk Road Textiles (IASSRT). In 2018, the China National Silk Museum developed an “academic map of traditional looms” in conjunction with the exhibition A World of Looms: Weaving Technology and Textile Arts in China and Beyond. Segments of silk and tea were added to the map during the Silk, Tea and Celadon: Intercultural Dialogue on the Silk Road exhibition held in Oman in the same year. In 2019, the research team in the China National Silk Museum applied for and successfully won the support and funding from the Ministry of Science for the World Silk Interactive Map project.

A year later, during the 2020 Silk Road Week, when the project was formally launched, over 20 researchers from 12 countries, including the UK, France and Italy, agreed to join the project. Since then, more scholars and institutions have shown their interest in the project. As of now, 30 organizations (14 in Europe, 12 in Asia, 2 in the Americas and 2 in Africa).

From the very beginning, it is clear to every participant that such an interdisciplinary, multinational and multi-party international cooperation project would encounter numerous problems in the process of implementation, which have been further compounded by the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020. In fact, the planned demonstration sessions, a crucial component in the maps transmission and application, in Italy, France and major countries along the ancient Silk Road, both land-based and the maritime, had to be postponed.

Nevertheless, the project is making steady progress and is expected to attract more international participants.

While the ancient Silk Road connected distant countries in the past, it is still full of vitality and continues to bring the world together. In the near future, the China National Silk Museum hopes to present more silk-related information to the world audiences in the form of digital resources through the World Silk Interactive Map.

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