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“丝绸之路周”是如何诞生的?

2021-09-06周娅鹃

文化交流 2021年7期
关键词:丝绸丝路文化遗产

周娅鹃

2020年6月19日,“2020丝绸之路周”盛大启幕:联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心等六大国际组织为开幕式发来贺信贺词;近40家文博机构通力合作为公众奉献了“众望同归:丝绸之路的前世今生”和“一花一世界:丝绸之路上的互学互鉴”两大特展;来自10个国家31位专家点评推荐的《2019丝绸之路文化遗产年报》首次发布;得到联合国教科文组织“丝绸之路项目”大力支持的13国合作项目《世界丝绸互动地图》正式启动;全球14个国家的约200余家文化机构踊跃参与“丝路百馆百物”短视频接力、“一花一世界” 丝路文物海报接力等活动;截至2020年6月24日,国内社交媒体平台阅读量超3亿次,观看量近2亿次,“丝绸之路周”话题在Facebook、Twitter等社媒上相关阅读量超过1200万。

2021年6月18日,“2021丝綢之路周”再次拉开帷幕:来自14个国家和地区的23多位政界人士、博物馆馆长、专家学者等发来祝贺视频;“万物生灵:丝绸之路上的动物与植物”、“方寸锦秀:丝巾上的丝绸之路”和“丝路摄影展”3大展览同期开幕;除杭州主会场外,在陕西西安、甘肃兰州和福建福州三地设立分会场,在法国、意大利、比利时等地举办丝路主题特别活动;全球18个国家的42个机构共同参与建设的“丝绸之路数字博物馆(SROM)” 正式推出;由30多位各领域的国际专家推荐与评选的《2020年丝绸之路文化遗产年报》发布;截至6月24日,“丝绸之路周”话题阅读总量超2.8亿次。

两届“丝绸之路周”活动均由国家文物局、浙江省人民政府主办,中共浙江省委宣传部、浙江省文化和旅游厅、浙江省文物局承办,中国丝绸博物馆、国际丝绸之路与跨文化交流中心执行承办,活动精彩,成果丰硕,引发了国内外文化遗产界的热烈反响。

举办基础:国际合作与专业网络

中国丝绸博物馆是一个以中国丝绸为核心的纺织服装文化遗产收藏、保护、研究、展示、传承和创新的国家一级博物馆,也是世界上最为重要的纺织服饰类博物馆之一。

经过近30年的积累沉淀,中国丝绸博物馆在丝绸之路文化遗产领域的调查、研究、保护、展示和弘扬上取得了一定的成绩,在丝绸之路国际舞台上逐渐形成具有一定影响力与知名度的专业力量:从1993年至今,赴境外举办丝绸主题展览多达33次,与美国费城艺术博物馆、瑞典军事博物馆、丹麦国家博物馆、美国自然历史博物馆、哈萨克斯坦国家艺术博物馆、乌兹别克斯坦考古研究所均有具体合作项目。而本馆与美国布莱恩特大学、韩国传统文化大学、法国里昂纺织博物馆、俄罗斯国立历史博物馆、加拿大安大略皇家博物馆等13家境外机构达成了合作,初步构建了一个国际合作的专业网络。

中国丝绸博物馆先后发起国际丝路之绸研究联盟(主席单位、联盟秘书处所在地)、丝绸之路国际博物馆联盟(副理事长单位)、丝绸之路文物科技创新联盟(常任理事单位),并积极参与其他专业联盟的各项活动。

在联盟机构之外,中国丝绸博物馆还与联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)、国际博物馆协会(ICOM)、国际博物馆文物修复协会(ICCROM)、国际古迹遗址理事会(ICOMOS)、国际古代纺织品研究中心(CIETA)、国际丝绸协会、国际绞缬组织(WSN)等国际组织建立工作关系并积极对接,加大国际机构间的合作与交流。

2019年5月,中国丝绸博物馆设立“国际丝绸之路与跨文化交流研究中心”,为国际同行特别是丝路沿线国家和地区提供共享、研究、交流、合作的平台。该中心也成为了“丝绸之路周”活动执行承办方之一。同年,浙江理工大学与中国丝绸博物馆合作共建国际丝绸学院。2020年,中国丝绸博物馆入选浙江省首批国际人文交流基地。

策划思路:各界参与和互学互鉴

“丝绸之路周”是由中国文化遗产界创意和主导、社会各界参与和实施,与丝路沿线国家和地区形成互动,在国际社会中发出中国声音并产生良好影响的长久性年度国际人文交流活动。

“丝绸之路周”的LOGO 是一匹生有双翼的飞马珀加索斯(Pegasus),象征着丝绸之路上的文化交流。它来自古希腊神话,传说是诗人灵感的来源。它的形象从古希腊的陶器出发,渐渐东来,飞过波斯,飞过粟特,飞到大唐,与从东向西传播的丝绸一路相遇,成为丝绸之路沿途使用最为广泛的织锦纹样。

“2020丝绸之路周”的主题是“互学互鉴促进未来合作”。数千年来,丝绸之路促进了不同地域、不同群体之间的物质流通、技术传播和文明交融,其中,互学互鉴成为丝绸之路精神的核心。首届“丝绸之路周”的两个特展,用一纵一横的不同维度,以学术梳理和实际案例来讲述丝绸之路的来历和互学互鉴的具体体现。

“多元共存和包容发展”则成为了“2021丝绸之路周”的主题。本次丝绸之路主题展览“万物生灵:丝绸之路上的动物与植物”凸显了生物多样性,生物多样性又关乎人类福祉,是人类赖以生存和发展的重要基础。而丝绸之路的文明史也揭示出不同文明、宗教、种族相互尊重、求同存异、开放包容的重要性,由此深切认识到只有互鉴互通,才能携手绘就共同发展的美好明天。

区别于传统的一次性、短期性的国际交流活动,“丝绸之路周”更注重长期性、有成效的国际交流,以学术为引领,以研究为核心,以项目为主导。于是,“丝绸之路周”组建了国际学术团队,以期对丝路文化遗产及丝路精神进行国际表达。

“丝绸之路周”的举办,得到了国际组织、社会各界的高度认同与支持。首届“丝绸之路周”开幕式上,联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心、国际古迹遗址理事会、国际文化财产保护与修复研究中心、国际博物馆协会、联合国教科文组织丝绸之路网络平台等国际组织发来贺信贺词,代表世界文化遗产界的顶级政府间合作组织为活动点赞。联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心主任梅希蒂尔德 · 罗斯勒称活动高度契合1972年《世界遗产公约》精神,丝路精神值得发扬光大。同时他强调“丝绸之路”还将作为世界文化遗产成为未来国际合作的共同基础和起点,为人类构筑心灵的和平屏障;联合国教科文组织驻华代表夏泽翰则在“2021丝绸之路周”开幕式现场表示,重温(丝绸之路)这一人类历史上的伟大成就、学习丝绸之路精神,是应对当今跨文化对话面临挑战的必经之路。“2021丝绸之路周”是增进各国人民相互了解和理解的经典案例。

作為一项国际人文交流活动,“丝绸之路周”在海外传播方面也是煞费苦心。首届活动中,“国丝之友”海外社交媒体账号共发文(包括转发)500余篇,帖文浏览量超317万,丝路周话题在海外社交媒体的总浏览量达1200万。

除了依靠官方主流媒体,中国丝绸博物馆还积极联动权威领域机构,联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)丝绸之路网络平台在其官网发布了丝路周的介绍文章。大英博物馆、大英图书馆敦煌项目等4家国际机构在推特上与“丝绸之路周”账号互动。海外博物馆界专业媒体Museum Views为活动开设专题页面,并进行更为广泛的采访和互动。

“2021丝绸之路周”的海外宣传特别聚焦了今年重磅推出的丝绸之路数字博物馆项目,其上线的英文报道共被20个国家的媒体转载192次,平均潜在受众达204万人次。原文被翻译成德语、日语、法语、西班牙语、韩语5种语言,在欧洲和亚洲的主流媒体上大大增加曝光率,这些媒体包括韩联社、韩国先驱报、日本共同社、京都新闻、澳大利亚通讯社、西班牙欧罗巴通讯社、意大利Adnkronos通讯社、德国财经在线、新加坡Asia One等。

一点思考:国际视野与浙江特色

作为世界上最大的丝绸专题类博物馆,中国丝绸博物馆与丝绸、丝绸之路主题紧密相连。在各部门大力支持、合作机构鼎力相助的大背景下,中国丝绸博物馆积极对接国际机构,不断延伸本馆的国际合作空间;从“丝绸之路文化遗产年报”项目、“世界丝绸之路互动地图”国际合作项目、“丝绸之路主题策展人”研修班项目、“丝绸之路数字档案”项目,到今年新提出的“丝绸之路数字博物馆”项目,所有的活动和合作,无一不在充分发挥专业优势的基础上稳扎稳打融通中外。

这些项目的开展与推进,成为策划“丝绸之路周”的主要框架。通过多年耕耘,中国丝绸博物馆拥有了一个国际化的“朋友圈”,与一批科学家、考古学家、策展人、艺术家、设计师等保持长期稳定的合作交流关系,他们的参与,为活动提供了有力支撑。

国际交流活动的开展,往往受到诸多条件的影响与限制。如去年展览活动筹备期间,正是新冠肺炎疫情暴发之时,面对面的交流受到限制,在线观展成为新风向。中国丝绸博物馆一直在思考和探索如何利用互联网,为对丝绸之路感兴趣的人们提供更为广阔的学术助力。于是,联合国内外与丝绸之路相关的知名博物馆,共享全球丝绸之路数据的“丝绸之路数字博物馆”项目就这样顺势而生,吸引了全球40余家知名博物馆及文化机构共同参与。数字博物馆还特别开辟“云上策展”的共享平台,让普通观众能在线策划设计自己的展览作品,足不出户共享全球资源。

在“2020丝绸之路周”开幕式上,《2019丝绸之路文化遗产年报》首次发布,以其具有全面性、学术性、国际性的鲜明特色,在文化遗产领域引发极大反响和热议。《2020丝绸之路文化遗产年报》项目在启动之初,保留了上一年的专家评审环节,又作出了全新的尝试,即携手国际古迹遗址理事会西安国际保护中心、中国考古学会丝绸之路考古专业委员会、南京艺术学院国际博物馆学院、浙江大学历史学系、北京大学中国古代史研究中心等业内专业机构,对考古发现、陈列展览、学术研究、文化事件4个板块分别进行了权威推荐。

作为具有国际主题、中国特色和浙江风采的文化活动,第二届“丝绸之路周”没有把开幕式、闭幕式都放在杭州,而是把闭幕式选在了“古代海上丝绸之路”重要始发港、“21世纪海上丝绸之路”重要节点城市的宁波,为本届“丝绸之路周”画上了圆满的句号。

“一枝独秀不是春,百花齐放春满园”。接下来,“丝绸之路周”还将在丝路沿线不同省份或不同国家和地区举办,形成一个社会各界全面参与互动的年度文化盛典。作为活动的发起者,中国丝绸博物馆将不忘初心,继续开展丝绸之路文化遗产保护、研究与展示相关的国际人文交流活动,践行丝绸之路精神,与各方高质量地共建丝绸之路文化遗产共同体。

The Birth of  the “Silk Road Week”

By Zhou Yajuan

From its conception to its implementation, the success of the Silk Road Week in 2020 and 2021 is not a fluke and no mean feat.  In 2020, the inaugural edition of the Silk Road Week saw #silkroadweek viewed for 12 million times on Facebook, Twitter as well as other major social media platforms. Then in 2021, topics on the second edition of the event have been viewed for more than 280 million times on the Chinese social media alone.Starting from 2015, the China National Silk Museum has been holding major exhibitions every single year and engaging in worldwide cultural and people-to-people exchanges on the Silk Road, living up to the Silk Road Spirit and showcasing the unique charm of China and Zhejiang. How was the Silk Road Week born? And what are the foundation and underlying curatorial concepts?

One of the first state-level museums in China, the China National Silk Museum focuses on the collection, protection, studying, displaying, inheritance and innovation of the silk textile and clothing cultural heritage. It is one of the most important textile and clothing museums in the world.

Indeed, since the museum opened on February 26, 1992, it has made quite some accomplishments in these areas and gradually established itself as a major international research institution on the Silk Road cultural heritage. So far, the museum has held a total of silk-themed exhibitions in Hong Kong and Macao, two of Chinas international hubs, and overseas. It has conducted collaborative projects with the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Swedish Army Museum and the National Museum of Denmark, among others. And it has built an international research network with 13 foreign organizations, including the Bryant University in the US, the Korea National University of Cultural Heritage, Musée des Tissus et des Arts Décoratifs, the State Historical Museum in Russia and Royal Ontario Museum in Canada.

Moreover, the China National Silk Museum initiated the International Association for the Study of Silk Road Textiles, the International Alliance of Museums of the Silk Road, the Alliance of Silk Road Cultural Heritage Science and Technology, and has been an active participant in a host of other major international alliances, associations and organizations.

To facilitate the sharing, research, exchange and cooperation on the Silk Road cultural heritage for international researchers, especially those along the Silk Road, the museum set up Institute for Intercultural Dialogue on the Silk Roads in May 2019, which became the de facto “enforcer” of the Silk Road Week.

The “Silk Road Week” was first introduced at the China National Silk Museum and organized by the International Association for the Study of Silk Road Textiles and the Chinese Museums Associations Committee of Museums along the Silk Road. It is an annual event that aims to educate the public about the histories of the Silk Road, and to strengthen the protection of the sites and relics along the road.

Pegasus, the winged horse, was chosen as the logo of the Silk Road Week, a symbol of cultural exchanges along the Silk Road. Coming from the Greek mythology, Pegasus is said to be the source of inspiration for poets. Its image, first found on Greek pottery, slowly traveled to the east, flowing over Persia and Sogdiana before reaching Tang China. It is one of the patterns used most extensively on brocades along the Silk Road.

The “2020 Silk Road Week”, the first edition, was themed “Mutual Learning for Future Collaboration”. For thousands of years, the Silk Road has promoted the material flow, technology transmission and cultural integration between different regions, with mutual learning and mutual benefit at its heart. Two exhibitions, one from the geographical perspective and one from the chronological perspective, were held to tell the history of the Silk Road through real cases.

“Cultural Diversity and Sustainable Development“ is the theme of the “2021 Silk Road Week”, not only because the theme exhibition Creation from Creature: Plants and Animals on the Silk Road highlighted biodiversity, but because biodiversity has a significant bearing on the wellbeing of mankind, whose very existence and development depend on it. The history of the Silk Road also shows the necessity for different civilizations, religions and races to respect each other, seek common ground while reserving differences, and be open and inclusive. Only in this way can the world work together for a better future of common development.

Unlike the traditional one-off and short-term international exchanges, the Silk Road Week focuses more on the long-term effects, centering on academic research and concrete projects. An international academic team was organized accordingly, winning widespread support from global academic community. Indeed, the success of the Silk Road Week is not possible without the backing and recognition from international organizations such as the UNESCO World Heritage Center, the International Council on Monuments and Sites, International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property and many others.

Mechtild R?ssler, director of the UNESCO World Heritage Center, said in a video message to the “2020 Silk Road Week” that it echoes the spirit of the World Heritage Convention announced in 1972, and the Silk Road Spirit would lay a solid foundation for future collaboration. Shahbaz Khan, representative of the UNESCO Beijing Office, praised during the opening ceremony of the “2021 Silk Road Week” that it is a classic case of enhancing mutual understanding among people of all countries.

Media coverage has also been remarkable. Major news organizations and networks in 20 countries reported on the event. Over 500 posts were published by Friends of China National Silk Museum, official accounts of the China National Silk Museum, on major social media platforms, with over 3.17 million views, and #silkroadweek garnered more than 12 million views.

However, it is not all plain sailing. The outbreak of the COVID-19 greatly hampered the preparations for the first edition. Notably, face-to-face exchanges were greatly limited. To facilitate effective communication, the China National Silk Museum turned to online technologies, partnering with more than 40 museums worldwide to create the Silk Road Online Digital Museum. As well as displaying collections of these museums, it also allows the public to curate their own unique visiting routes and collections, enjoying global cultural heritage with just one click.

Looking to the future, the Silk Road Week will be held in different provinces or different countries along the Silk Road, making itself into an interactive annual cultural gala with more diverse participants.

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