What Does Hair Tell Us About People?

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Throughout history， hair has always been used to make a fashion statement. It also tells us a lot about culture. In almost all societies， people have cut or styled their hair for practical or decorative reasons. For example， the ancient Greeks liked blond hair， so both men and women lightened their hair. On the other hand， the Romans preferred dark hair， and Saxon men are seen in paintings to have hair and beards of blue， green， bright red， and orange. The Assyrian culture made an art of hairstyling. People curled， oiled， and perfumed their hair; they also cut their hair and beards in layers to look like pyramids. Assyrian soldiers needed to have their hair properly curled before they went to war. The Assyrian people used hairstyles to show their position and employment. Assyrian women of high rank， as well as women in Egypt， put on fake beards at meetings to show authority.

Hair is often a sign of superiority. Primitive men put bones， feathers， and other objects in their hair to impress and intimidate their enemies. Later， the Romans made the people they conquered cut off their hair to show submission. In seventeenth century China， Manchu men shaved the front of the hair and combed the hair in the back into a braided tail. They also made those they conquered wear this style.

Some cultures consider hair to be a sensuous object. For some people， not having hair or not showing it to others is a sign of religious devotion. Christian and Buddhist monks often shave their heads to show holiness and retirement from the world. Many Christian nuns cover their hair. Some Muslim women cover their hair when they are in public， and men in certain countries wear a turban or head cloth for religious reasons.

In ancient and modern times， hair has been used to reveal a persons emotions， marital status， or age. For example， ancient Egyptian men and women usually shaved their hair. However， when they were in mourning， they grew it long. Hindu women， on the other hand， cut off their long hair as a sign of mourning. In medieval Europe， unmarried women showed their long hair in public， whereas married women covered theirs. Today， brides in the Maasai tribe in Africa have their heads shaved as part of their marriage ceremony， and mothers in the tribe shave their sons hair when the boys become adolescents. Today， teenagers all over the world demonstrate their youth and individuality

through haircuts or hair colours. Even in countries like China and Japan， where dyed① hair is considered untraditional， up to 68 percent of women and 20 percent of men— most of them young—now use hair colour to reflect their individual personalities.

Wigs have always been popular as fashion statements and as signs of wealth or status. Ancient Egyptians shaved their heads for cleanliness and then covered their heads with wigs. The higher the status of a person， the bigger his or her wig was. Cleopatra wore different styles and colours of wigs， and another Egyptian queen wore such a heavy wig on important occasions that attendants had to help her walk. Queen Elizabeth I of England wore a red wig because her own red hair was falling out， so all the rich men and women copied her and either dyed their hair red or wore red wigs. In France， King Louis XIV， who was also going bald②， started the fashion of elaborate③ wigs. Naturally， everyone wanted to look like him， so they all started to wear wigs， too. At one time， forty wig makers were employed full-time just to make wigs for the people in the palace of Versailles！

These elaborate wig fashions went over to England， which always copied the French for style. Wigs became common for the middle and upper classes in England and France. They were powdered④ white because people thought this flattered⑤ the face and made their eyes look brighter. The fashion spread to divisions of the law， the army， and the navy， each of which had its own style of wig. However， by the end of the 1700s， hairstyles for women became extravagant⑥ to the point of ridicule. Rich women would spend hours with hairdressers who built tall wire cages on the womens heads. They covered the cages with hair and wigs and then greased the hair with fat so the white powder would stick to it. Finally， they decorated the hair with jewels， feathers， ornaments⑦， and even flowers with water containers to keep them fresh. The women would wear their hair this way for two or three weeks. Obviously， they had to sleep in a sitting position at night and they could not wash their hair， but once a week they had to “open the hair” to get rid of the insects living in it. Fortunately， the French revolution in 1789 put an end to such extravagance， and hairstyles became simple again.

In the twentieth century， women in western cultures used their hair to show their growing independence. They often simplified their hairstyles to fit their busy lifestyles. For example， in the 1920s and 1930s， women cut their hair as a symbol of liberation. In the 1950s and 1960s， many women in the United States used wigs to save time. Instead of styling their hair every morning， they would wear a pre-styled    wig.   Some   women   alternated between several wigs so that they could choose a style or colour to match their clothes or even their mood！

Due to such changes， fashionable hairstyles no longer became limited to the rich — they were for everyone. And as the popularity of movies and television grew， women started to copy the hairstyles of famous stars， such as the short cut of Greta Garbo or the platinum blond hair colour of Jean Harlow. At one time， thousands of American women imitated Jennifer Anistons “Rachel” haircut seen on the popular TV show Friends. Men and boys also copy the hairstyles of movie or sports stars. In England， for example， boys often have their hair cut like the British soccer player David Beckham.

Todays hairstyles have become more relaxed and individual， so both men and women can choose a style that fits their life and expresses their personality. Whether they are rich or poor， people can choose the colour or style of their hair—or even of a wig to suit their own taste.

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