东南亚电动汽车潜力巨大

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近年来，泰国和越南的制造商不断扩大生产规模，特斯拉、日产等知名国外投资企业对投资东南亚兴趣渐长，东南亚电动汽车和电池行业呈现出一派良好的发展态势。

随着东南亚经济逐渐从疫情中复苏，该地区的电动汽车和电池行业也蓄势待发。来自中美两国的制造商纷纷进军东南亚市场，在印尼、泰国等多地进行投资。泰国、越南两国的企业也推出了一系列激励措施，推动当地汽车制造业的发展。

疫情下外商投资热度不减

目前在印尼，电动汽车和电池行业是外商投资的主要领域。据报道，截至2020年，这一行业占到了印尼外商投资的70%。印尼吸引这些投资者的一大原因是其拥有世界上最大的镍储量，约占全球镍储量的23%。而镍是生产电动汽车电池的必需品。2020年1月，印尼政府恢复了对镍矿出口的禁令。

印尼的投资者中，最令人关注的是特斯拉。此前，该企业已向印尼提交了一项投资提议，印尼政府尚未公布与特斯拉商议的细节，但表明了寻求特斯拉支持其发展电动汽车的想法。印尼投资和矿业协调副主管塞普蒂安·哈里奥·塞托表示：“如果特斯拉只是想要购买原料，我们并不感兴趣。这个提议不只是购买原料那么简单。”

2020年12月，印尼还与韩国LG集团签署了一项98亿美元的投资协议，生产汽车用锂电池。这项交易首次将矿产开采、加工和电池生产结合起来。印尼与中国的宁德时代也签署了类似的协议。除了出口，首批电池将用于雅加达的公共汽车，以落实该市在2027年之前迈入电动汽车时代的计划。

在泰国，日产斥巨资计划将该国打造成电动汽车制造中心。不仅如此，这家日本制造商还在开发新技术，打造无需充电就能运行的电动车。由于东南亚国家几乎没有可供电动汽车充电的基础设施，这一技术对该地区意义重大。

越南引领电动汽车出口

越南面临着与东南亚地区其他国家相同的充电站短缺问题，但越南最大的企业集团Vingroup表示，其子公司VinFast将于2021年11月开始出口電动汽车。Vingroup由越南首富潘日旺创建，是推动越南电动汽车行业发展的主要动力。

2021年1月，VinFast宣布，将推出三款电动SUV并出口北美和欧洲市场。据报道，这三款车都将采用人工智能技术，至少能实现半自动驾驶。

Vingroup在新闻发布会上表示：“这为VinFast开拓全球市场、成为全球畅销的电动汽车品牌、发展绿色交通生态系统、减少排放奠定了坚实的基础。”

VinFast于2019年首次投入生产，但在越南举步维艰，部分原因在于国内充电基础设施的缺失。随着该公司逐渐转向国际市场，它的重点将从早期的电动摩托转到电动汽车上。

泰国大力发展电动汽车

泰国希望到2030年将国内电动汽车占比提高至30%（约75万辆），中国长城汽车对日产的投资有助于这一目标的实现。即便如此，目前泰国公路上的电动汽车数量仍然非常少，截至2020年只有2000多辆。分析人士认为，泰国大量生产电动汽车并不能改善环境，也改变不了本国对化石燃料依赖的现状。

尽管少有消费者做出改变，但当地汽车企业已经开始生产电动嘟嘟车和渡轮。清迈市的电动嘟嘟已投入使用至少两年，泰国国内的初创企业Power Up TukTuk也在制造电动三轮车，供给行动不便的人使用。

在泰国南部地区，化石燃料能源集团Banpu已经开始在普吉岛和附近地区推广电动渡轮。这些渡轮是与Choknamchai集团子公司Sakun C的合作项目。Choknomchai集团是泰国汽车巨头之一，也是本田、丰田和日产在当地的合作伙伴。

泰国发展电动汽车，也得到了国家电力局的支持。泰国国家电力局研究与创新部主任颂猜·查马维罗表示：“政府计划到2037年，实现电动汽车保有量250万辆的目标。为了实现这一目标，泰国必须支持基础设施建设，改变人们的思维方式，让他们相信开电动汽车是安全的。”

推动东南亚电动化转型

在美国，汽车制造商和政府迄今未能合理化电动汽车价格，使其满足多数人的需求。在大多数东南亚国家，也许要大规模推出电动摩托车才能解决这个问题。

根据皮尤研究中心2014年的数据，印尼、马来西亚、泰国和越南超过80%的家庭都拥有一辆摩托车。但当调查汽车拥有量时，情况则大不相同：虽然马来西亚家庭汽车拥有量达到80%，但泰国这一数字为51%，印度尼西亚为4%，越南为2%。

目前，联合国环境规划署正与马来西亚、菲律宾、新加坡和泰国等国的私营部门展开合作，寻求向电动摩托车过渡的方法。泰国还计划推出电车以旧换新计划，但目前该计划仍处于搁置状态。

随着东南亚地区逐渐从疫情中复苏，该地区的电动汽车和电池行业必将大放异彩。

·来源：《今日东盟》

·编译：陈志莹

The COVID-19 catalysed the development of digital economy， attracting the attention of many investors. In Vietnam， in the first quarter of 2021， due to the rising consumption during the New Year holiday， the digital economy gained great momentum， with fast transformation speed.

The first case of the UK variant of the virus was discovered in Hai Duong Province in February and quickly spread to 13 provinces and cities throughout Vietnam， resulting in over 910 new community cases since the beginning of this third wave.

The sensitive timing of the outbreak elevated health and safety concerns as many Vietnamese had travel plans for reunions and family festivities. The government issued several social isolation orders in major cities， limiting inbound and outbound travel. The Ministry of Health and the World Health Organizations office in Vietnam recommended people celebrate the New Year safely with the message goes like “health is the most precious gift we can give each other this holiday”.

New Year is prime time for increased spending thanks to a lasting tradition of gift-giving， drinking and dining with friends and family， and sprucing up the home for the holidays. The health measures and social distancing orders therefore dampened the Vietnamese economy.

Amid this looming crisis， more and more Vietnamese turned to e-commerce platforms and digital financial services for New Year preparation. Tiki， one of the four largest online shopping platforms in Vietnam， reported that its transaction volume in January surged 50% compared to the same period last year. Due to the new outbreak leading up to New Year， it is likely that all e-commerce platforms experienced a massive surge in activity. The National Payment Corporation of Vietnam （NAPAS） reported a significant surge in the numbers of transactions in e-commerce and interbank funds transfers since 28 January， continuing to rise after the holidays.

Many Vietnamese businesses and services have also taken measures such as speeding up digital transformation projects and offering new services to meet this new demand. ZaloPay， one of Vietnams largest electronic wallets， strongly promoted its new service， a new digital approach to the tradition of elderly people giving lucky money to children. Many supermarkets， including Big C and Coop Mart， teamed up with digital wallets and online shopping platforms for marketing campaigns to promote online shopping and delivery services.

These campaigns are gaining traction and could potentially help companies expand their customer bases as they address health and safety concerns. Such concerns have been an important driver of the surge in usage of e-commerce and digital financial services， especially among elderly consumers， during the last two waves of the COVID-19 in Vietnam.

The COVID-19 pandemic， for all its negative impacts on health， society and economy， is expediting the growth of Vietnamese e-commerce and digital finance， paving the way for the country to fulfill its digital potential. Traffic on e-commerce platforms in 2020 was 150% higher than the previous year， with approximately 3.5 million visitors per day on various platforms.

Usage of digital financial services， including internet banking， e-wallets and mobile money， have also risen significantly， placing Vietnam among the top three countries in Southeast Asia for e-commerce growth. Revenue in the sector is projected to reach US$ 7 billion in 2021， an increase of 16.2% year-on-year. The number of users is expected to rise 13.5% year-on-year to 51.8 million， with an average revenue of US$ 135 per user.

Since living with the virus will likely become the new normal following the pandemic， health and safety concerns will remain important factors influencing consumers online shopping behaviour. Firms can quickly reinvent their processes and services to survive and even benefit from the pandemic by addressing these concerns. This also highlights the importance of digital transformation， which helps establish and maintain a stable channel for businesses and services despite disruptions from unpredictable shocks like the COVID-19.

Digital health is another area the healthcare industry should pay attention to. Demand for consumer health electronics and telemedicine are rising strongly in Vietnam amid growing challenges from infectious diseases such as the COVID-19 as well as from non-communicable diseases.

What has been seen in both consumers behaviour changes and in business strategies strongly points towards faster digital transformation in businesses and services due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also encouraging that businesses in Vietnam have transformed in a way that better supports equal access to healthcare， enhanced safety measures and stronger collaboration across industries. This spurs the digital transformation that is essential for emerging economies like Vietnam.

· Source： East Asia Forum