绿色空间的健康促进

“健康促进”（health Promotion）由世界卫生组织（WHO）在1986年加拿大渥太华召开的第一届国际健康促进大会上首次提出。该会议发布的《渥太华宪章》（Ottawa Charter）指出，健康促进是促使人们维护和改善自身健康的过程。提供对健康具有正面影响的支持性环境是健康促进的重要方式，支持性环境的建立可对健康形成持续影响，也是积极生活方式能继续保持的重要条件。绿色空间是一种与日常生活密切相关的健康支持性环境，通过直接和间接路径影响着人们的身心健康和福祉。绿色空间有助于减少城市的空气污染、噪声水平以及极端温度，因此可以降低这些风险因素对人们的健康和预期寿命的影响；生活中能够接近城市绿色空间的人更有可能进行体力活动从而提高自身健康水平；绿色空间还能直接促进人的心理健康，例如减轻压力、增加积极情绪和恢复注意力等。虽然绿色空间的这些积极作用已被认识，但如何通过规划和设计让城市绿色空间发挥更好的健康促进作用，有待针对空间设计特征、因果机制进行深入研究。在此背景下，《风景园林》 2021年第5期组织发表关于“绿色空间的健康促进”专题的一组论文，以期集中呈现针对多方面健康促进作用的城市绿色空间研究进展和未来可能的研究方向。本专题包括1篇综述文章，系统分析了绿色空间对呼吸系统影响的实证研究，建构并丰富了不同类型研究的分析框架；2篇基于第一手问卷调研数据的研究文章，分别分析了绿地对个体恢复性感知和主观幸福感的影响；以及1篇针对绿地对体力活动影响的自然实验类研究文章。

王兰等的综述研究侧重于分析关于绿色空间对呼吸系统影响的研究类型、测度方法和模型选择，建构了人群聚合性和个体性2类研究的综合分析框架，明确了现有研究的绿色空间特征测度指标及其分析模型，并相应增补了未来研究构想。该研究基于2000—2020年的实证研究英文文献，辨析了已有研究的主要特点，强调需要增加全生命周期“链条效应”等纵向维度的研究，丰富和细化绿色空间微观特征的测度指标（例如斑块密度、形状指数等几何特征和树密度、叶面积指数等结构特征），同时优化定量模型探究其因果路径和影响阈值。周素红等的实证研究分析了城市公园环境对青少年的个体心理恢复的影响，并提出了提高公园心理恢复性的设计启示。通过选取广州市的3个典型城市公园作为案例，问卷调研了青少年在其中的活动路径进而测度其环境特征作为自变量，同时运用“感知恢复性量表”定量测度了青少年在城市公园的恢复性感知，并将其作为因变量，从而建构了环境特征与恢复性感知的回归模型，定量识别了显著影响心理恢复的环境特征。该研究进一步基于回归模型推演得到公园高恢复性节点，提出5种绿色空间节点类型的设计策略。董慰等采用了主观幸福感作为绿色空间增加居民健康和福祉的整体性评估要素，同样采用问卷调研，获得了哈尔滨老工业区内居民在绿地环境中进行体力活动的具体感知数据，进而辨析其对幸福感的影响。该研究区分了居住地绿地、工作地绿地和其他活动地，采用分模型的层次回归分析方法，分析得到居住地绿地对人们的幸福感影响最大，而特定的绿地环境特征（例如宁静氛围、数量和面积）对幸福感发挥不同的影响。谢波等对武汉市东湖绿道建成开放前后的2个时间点开展问卷调研，获得居民体力活动数据，进而建构回归模型，辨析绿道作为健康促进方式如何影响了绿道周边社区居民的体力活动水平。该研究所采用的自然实验法具备了随机实验和纵向研究的优点。基于实验组和对照组的模型建构，研究得到绿道对中高强度体力活动影响的距离衰减阈值，并明确了影响中高强度体力活动的主要因素。

绿色空间的健康促进效应是当前备受关注的研究题目，具体议题包含各类绿色空间对生理健康、心理健康和整体幸福感等方面的影响，以及如何通过规划设计提高其健康促进效应，从而实现群体和个体的健康。本专题的4篇文章针对绿色空间与健康福祉的多个议题，开展了不同视角和分析方法的研究，为相关研究提供了示范和启示，也为城市绿色空间的优化设计提供了一定研究依据。希望在未来此类研究中关注以下3个方面：1）在绿地对健康促进的分析中，需要分别针对空间/人群聚合研究和个体研究选择相应的绿色空间的分析单元界定、特征测度方法和模型；2）体力活动是绿色空间实现健康促进的重要中介，无论是身心健康还是整体福祉，需要在“研究设计”中充分考虑其作用；3）自然实验等纵向维度的研究亟待推进，可增强研究的因果性。整体而言，绿色空间的健康促进研究可进一步优化数据收集方法，选取更多绿色空间规划设计的相关指标，进而提出针对健康的更加准确和细化的设计策略，为健康提供更好的支持性环境，实现促进健康的目的。

Health Promotion of Green Space

“Health Promotion” was first proposed by the World Health Organization at the First International Conference on Health Promotion,Ottawa, Canada in 1986. InOttawa Charterdeveloped at the conference,it was pointed out that health promotion is a process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It’s an important means of health promotion to provide supportive environment that has positive influence on health. Therefore, the establishment of supportive environment not only creates constant influence on health but also serves as an important condition for maintenance of a positive living style. As a health-supportive environment which is closely related to daily life, green space influences people’s physical and psychological health and wellbeing directly and indirectly. Green space helps reduce urban air pollution,noise level and extreme temperatures, thus reducing the influences of these factors on people’s health and expected life span; in daily life, those who approach urban green space are more possible to engage in physical activities to improve their health; furthermore, green space also directly promote people’s psychological health, such as reduction of stress,increase of positive mood and restoration of concentration. Although such positive roles of green space have been recognized, in-depth researches on the characteristics of space design and causal mechanism are still expected as to how to better give play to the role of urban green space in health promotion through planning and design. Under this background,Landscape Architecturejournal published a series of papers themed “health promotion of green space” in Issue 5 of 2021, with concentration on presentation of research progress and potential future research orientations with regard to urban green space which promotes health in multiple aspects. This series of themed papers included a review paper in which a systematic analysis was conducted on empirical study of green space’s influence on respiratory system and an analysis framework was created and improved for different types of researches; two first-hand questionnaire data-based research papers in which the influence of green land on individual restorative perception and subjective sense of happiness was analyzed respectively; and one research paper of natural experiment concerning the influence of green land on physical activities.

In the review research by Wang Lan et al., a focus was given on analyzing research types, measurement methods and model selection concerning the influence of green space on respiratory system;furthermore, a comprehensive analysis framework was constructed for the two types of reaches of crowd gathering and individuality and the measurement indexes and analysis model were clarified concerning the characteristics of green space in existing researches, with addition of a conception about future researches. Based on English literature of empirical researches during 2000-2020, it analyzed the main characteristics of existing researches and stressed that researches in longitudinal dimension i.e. full life cycle “chain effect” should be increased with enriched and more detailed measurement indexes(geometrical characteristics such as patch density and shape index and structural characteristics such as trees density and leaf area index) of micro characteristics of green space. Meanwhile, quantitative model was optimized to research its casual path and influence threshold value.In the empirical study by Zhou Suhong et al., the influence of urban park environment on psychological restoration of individual teenagers was analyzed, followed by a design guidance on improving parks’ role in psychological restoration. With 3 typical urban parks in Guangzhou as study cases, a questionnaire was conducted among teenagers to learn their activity paths and the environment characteristics were measured to serve as independent variables. At the same time, “perceived restoration scale” was used for quantitative measurement of teenagers’ perception of restoration in urban parks. With the quantitative measurement result as dependent variables, a regression model of environment characteristics and restoration perception was constructed, thus quantitatively identified the environment characteristics that influence psychological restoration.Based on the high restoration node of parks obtained through deduction with regression model, design strategies were further proposed for 5 types of green space nodes. With subjective sense of happiness as an element for overall assessment of increased health benefit and well-being of residents due to green space, Dong Wei et al. also adopted questionnaire to obtain the specific perception data of residents in old industrial areas in Harbin concerning their engagement in physical activities in green land environment, thus analyzing the influence of green land on perception of happiness. In this research, the green land in living area, the green land work area and other activities areas were distinguished. Then, upon hierarchical regression analysis with sub-model, it was concluded that green land in living area had greatest influence on people’s sense of happiness while specific characteristics of green land (such as quietness,quantity and area) also had different extent of influence on sense of happiness. By carrying out the questionnaire at 2-time nodes before and after the East Lake Greenway in Wuhan was constructed and opened,Xie Bo et al. obtained the data of residents’ physical activities, thus constructing a regression model for analyzing how greenway influenced the physical activities of residents in surrounding communities as a means of health promotion. The natural experiment method adopted in this research possessed the merits of both random experiments and longitudinal studies.Based on constructed models of experimental group and contrast group, the distance attenuation threshold concerning the influence of greenway on high and medium-intensity physical activities was obtained and the main influencing factors of high-intensity physical activities were clarified.

Currently, the health promotion effect of green space is a research top which catches much attention. The specific issues include the influence of various green space on physical health, psychological health and overall sense of happiness etc. and on how to improve its health promotion effect through planning and design to achieve health for both groups and individuals. In this series of papers, 4 papers offered researches from difference perspectives and with different analysis methods targeting at multiple issues relating to green space, health and well-being, thus providing not only demonstrations and inspiration for relevant researches but also research basis for optimized design of urban green space. I hope the focus will be given to the following aspects in such researches in the future: 1) in the analysis of green land’s health promotion, the boundary of analysis unit, model and measurement method of characteristics of corresponding green space should be selected targeting at research of space/crowd gathering and individuals respectively; 2) as an importance medium whereby the green space promotes health, either physical and psychological health or overall health, physical activities should be fully taken into account in “research design”; 3) there is an urgency to carry out researches in longitudinal dimension such as natural experiment, so as to enhance the causality of researches. On the whole, with regard to researches of health promotion of green space, data collection method may be optimized and more relevant indexes in planning and design of green space be selected to produce more accurate and more detailed health-oriented design strategies, thus providing a better supportive environment for health and achieving the objective of health promotion.

Guest editor of the special: WANG Lan

April 11, 2021