美国航天港

业主单位：新墨西哥航天港

项目地点：美国新墨西哥

建筑设计：福斯特建筑事务所

建筑工程/项目管理/结构及机电工程：URS 公司

合作单位：SMPC 建筑师事务所

环境设计：PHA 咨询公司

用地面积：27 880 平方米

总建筑面积：10 219 平方米

设计/建造：2006 / 2014 年

摄影：Nigel Young / 福斯特建筑事务所

Client: New Mexico Spaceport Authority (NMSA)

Location: New Mexico, USA

Architectural Lead Design: Foster + Partners

Architecture and Engineering, Project Manager, Structural and MEP Engineer:URS Corporation

Architecture: SMPC Architects

Environmental Design: PHA Consult

Site Area: 27 880m2including apron

Gross Area: 10 219 m2

Design / Completion: 2006 / 2014

Photography: Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

美国航天港位于新墨西哥州沙漠类景观中，是目前世界上首座同类型建筑。其设计旨在向第一批太空游客传达太空旅行的兴奋感，同时把对环境造成的影响最小化。从空中看，此航天港让人想起维珍银河（Virgin Galactic）的眼睛品牌标志，并且让人联想到长条状的瞳孔，而停机坪则构成了虹膜。从历史悠久的皇家大道走近，航天港的有机形态在景观中呈现出微妙的上升过程。

在一个高效、合理的计划下，航天港依据航天器的尺寸设计。可访问性和隐私之间也要达到一种谨慎的平衡。宇航员活动区域和游客空间与建筑的其他部分完全融为一体，而更敏感的区域——如控制室——是可见的，但进入权限有限。游客和宇航员通过一条切断景观的深处通道进入建筑。挡墙结构围成了一个展览空间，里面记录了太空探索的历史，以及有关该地区和定居者的故事。通道的强线性轴线继续延伸进大楼，在一个有长廊的高度上到达超级机库——里面停有太空船并建有模拟室——穿过航站楼。跑道上的玻璃立面在候机楼内组成了一个平台，供人们欣赏到达和离开地球的宇宙飞船。

该方案具有最低的隐含碳和少量的额外能源要求，旨在获得享有盛誉的LEED 黄金级认证。景观中的地势经挖掘后变低以利用地热，这缓冲了建筑所受的新墨西哥极端气候的影响，并利用盛行西风来通风；此外还通过天窗来最大限度地利用日光。建筑采用了本土材料和区域性施工技术，在保持可持续发展的同时，又对周围环境保持敏感。

Located in the desert-like landscape of New Mexico, Spaceport is the first building of its kind in the world. Its design aims to articulate the thrill of space travel for the first space tourists while making a minimal impact on the environment. Viewed from space, the terminal evokes Virgin Galactic’s brand logo of the eye, and is suggestive of an elongated pupil, with the apron completing the iris.Approached from the historic El Camino Real trail, the terminal’s organic form appears as a subtle rise in the landscape.

Organized into a highly efficient and rational plan, Spaceport has been designed to relate to the dimensions of the spacecraft. There is also a careful balance between accessibility and privacy.The astronauts’ areas and visitor spaces are fully integrated with the rest of the building, while the more sensitive zones - such as the control room - are visible, but have limited access. Visitors and astronauts enter the building via a deep channel cut into the landscape. The retaining walls form an exhibition space that documents a history of space exploration alongside the story of the region and its settlers. The strong linear axis of the channel continues into the building on a galleried level to the super hangar - which houses the spacecraft and the simulation room - through to the terminal building. A glazed facade on to the runway establishes a platform within the terminal building for coveted views out to arriving and departing spacecraft.

With minimal embodied carbon and few additional energy requirements, the scheme has been designed to achieve the prestigious LEED Gold accreditation. The low-lying form is dug into the landscape to exploit the thermal mass, which buffers the building from the extremes of the New Mexico climate as well as catching the westerly winds for ventilation; and maximum use is made of daylight via skylights. Built using local materials and regional construction techniques, it aims to be both sustainable and sensitive to its surroundings.