Abstracts and Keywords of Major Articles

On the CPC’s Firm Will to Realize the Modernization of China

（by HUANG Li-zhi）

Abstract：The process of modernization in China is called as rushing out from the “Historical Three Gorges”.The CPC has a firm will to realize modernization. During the new democratic revolution，CPC targeted at building a modern China and set up a historical platform for modernization. The 3rdPlenary Session of the 11thCentral Committee of the CPC restarted the journey of modernization. DENG Xiao-ping boosted China’s modernization in the following three aspects：first，rectifying the name of modernization；second，taking the developed countries as the frame of reference of modernization and pointing out catching up with the times as the aim of reform；third，admitting the particularity of China’s situation so as to propose the road to socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics. In the new era，XI Jinping follows the firm will of modernization and strives forward after inheriting several generations of leaders. On the one hand，in the wide-spread trend of anti-globalization，he insists on globalization and the idea of opening up firmly；on the other hand，in face of the internal trend that “modernization equals westernization”，he distinguishes modernization from westernization by sticking to modernization while denying complete westernization. Meanwhile，XI regards the modernization of the state governance system and that of the governance capability as integral components of socialist modernization.

Keywords：CPC，modernization，will

Four Features of the Red Gene in the Spirit of CPC Members

（by QI Wei-ping）

Abstract：The historical practice in the past century has constituted CPC members’ spiritual genealogy with rich connotations. The CPC members’ spirit is based on the red gene，which has endowed the Party members with basic spiritual hues and deep connotations. The red gene in the spirit of CPC members is characterized by the affinity to people，the fighting spirit，the stress on practice，and innovation. The affinity to people provides the power to never forget the mission and the original intention in the past century. The fighting spirit ignites great fighting power needed in the great fight against hardship. Adhering to practice lays solid foundation for great success in leading Chinese revolution，construction and reform. The innovation helps to clearly identify the direction to move forward by mastering the pulse of the times. The spirit of CPC members is valuable wealth after a century of historical practice.The red gene has always been inherited and continued in the life of the Party，playing an important role in maintaining and developing the progressiveness and purity of the Party.

Keywords：history of a century，spirit of CPC members，red gene，features

The Problems and Possibility of the Phenomenology of Character

（by NI Liang-kang）

Abstract：Can Alexander Pfänder’s studies of character be called the phenomenology of character? Of course，naming is secondary to and determined by the methods，namely，the question lies in whether or not the methods that Pfänder employed in his studies and analyses of character belong to phenomenological methodology. Here I can give a preliminary answer：if the methods of the phenomenology of consciousness consist of two aspects，namely，reflection as the transcendental reduction and eidetic intuition as the eidetic reduction，then the foundational part of Pfänder’s studies of character is undoubtedly first and foremost the “phenomenology of character” in the sense of eidetic and theoretical psychology. Secondary to it may be the “axiology of character” and “nomology of character” in his terminology. Moreover，his studies of character also differ from experimental psychology and psychoanalysis with its modes of experimental observation in that his studies as such are mainly performed in the reflection on the own subject and the empathetic understanding of other subjects.

Keywords：character，phenomenology，Alexander Pfänder，Edmund Husserl，Carl Gustav Jung

The Predicament of Universal History from the Perspective of Civilization

（by CHEN Yun）

Abstract：The effort to construct “universal history” in a metaphysical way，as a kind of ideological planning and thought experiment，is based on the ideological framework of Christian redemption history and eschatology. It responds to the impermanence experience in historical existence with transcendental universality. However，it inevitably leads to the following problems. First，the rupture of historical purpose and historical subject makes history itself divorced from the survival of specific individuals. Second，though the existence in history shall be involved，specific individuals become bystanders in the conception of universal history. Third，when the feeling of impermanence in historical experience is equal to the experience of meaninglessness，the historical meaning is conceived as the implantation of transcendental historical purpose so that the existence in history is degraded as a kind of station that overcomes history itself and directs towards the transcendental end. What is hidden in the conception of modern Western universal history is precisely a non-historical consciousness of escaping from history，which indicates the inherent crisis of the planning of universal history as a thought experiment.

Keywords：universal history，Hegel，meaning，spirit

Upper-lower and Square-round：The Spatial Images and Their Virtue Implications in the Early Concepts of Heaven and Earth

（by ZHAI Kui-feng）

Abstract：“Heaven and earth” (tiandi) is a significant landmark category in classical Chinese thoughts. It has a long history and matured in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States when many idioms and words about heaven and earth which we are familiar with today appeared. “Heaven above and earth below” and “round heaven and square earth” are the two oldest and most influential spatial images in the understanding of heaven and earth. The concepts of“heaven high and earth below” and “high heaven and deep earth” were derived from “heaven above and earth below”，and then the concepts of being high and brilliant and being self-discipline were used to explain the virtue of heaven，while the concepts of being extensive and deep and being deep and sustainable were used to explain the virtue of earth.Influenced by the ancient astronomical theory of “canopy heaven”，the ancients also imagined heaven as canopy covering everything while earth as cart sustaining everything，and in such a way heaven and earth were selfless and inclusive. The concept of “round heaven and square earth” also led to the expression of “wearing heaven and treading on earth”，and even heaven was understood as the round of head or a hat，while earth as the square of a foot or one shoe. Meanwhile，as interrelated images，the round，the bright and the compasses were related to the concept of heaven，while the square，the dark and the carpenter’s square to the concept of earth. The concept of heaven and earth as spatial images also corresponds to the cultivation of virtue and intelligence，such as brilliance，generosity，selflessness，tolerance，divinity，wisdom and so on. Such understanding of moral accomplishments with the images of heaven and earth is far-reaching and fundamentally significant in the ideological system of Chinese civilization.Moreover，the concept of “heaven being the superior and earth being the inferior” was derived from the concept of“heaven above and earth below”，and it even lowered down to correspond to the concept of “monarch being the highest and his ministers being low” in the ritual system. This is the alienation of the early concept of heaven and earth in the society of autocratic monarchy.

Keywords：concept of heaven and earth，spatial images，virtue

A Sudden Termination of a Thousand-year History：Scholar-officials Accomplished by the Imperial Examination System and the System Overturned by Scholar-officials’Criticisms

（by YANG Guo-qiang）

Abstract：In the over 1,300 years after the Sui and Tang dynasties，the imperial examination system was criticized and questioned for its failure to select talents merely according to the capacity of writing. In the more than 500 years during the Ming and Qing dynasties，it received one more criticism of “restricting the hearing and seeing of people under heaven” for it merely selected men who wrote good Eight-part essays based on the resources of The Four Books. However，as far as historical causes are concerned，the system of “selecting talents according to the capacity of writing” formed in the process of correcting the false practice of “cheating one after another” in the original systemof recommendation so as to maintain justice，while writing Eight-part essays based on the resources of The Four Books was to conduct moral education by offering wealth and higher positions，aiming to contain people within “moral principles”. The contradiction of the system itself shows that the long-criticized drawbacks and the historical reasons why the imperial examination system came into being and existed were from the same source. Therefore，as a constant historical phenomenon，the continuation of the imperial examination system and its criticisms coexisted between the rising and declining of one dynasty after another in a thousand years. Since the mid-19thcentury，when the conflicts between China and the West broke out under the fierce pressure of the West，Chinese have examined the West in response to the pressure，compared the difference between China and the West and then strengthened China through reform. Western “new learnings and technologies” as well as the doctrine of prosperity introduced in this process shook traditional Chinese philosophy and resulted in the idea that the imperial examination system of selecting talents failed to response to the change of the world. Accordingly，a new kind of criticism of the imperial examination system formed，which went beyond the old doctrines that criticized the imperial examination system in the past thousand years but could correspond to the crisis at that time and became resonance in the court and the commonalty. It promoted the founding of schools and caused the abolishment of the imperial examination system hurriedly. The hasty change to the over 1,300-year history left various sequelae in the later history. There was a saying that “the scholar-officials’discussion changes the affairs of the times，which caused the 3,000-year history to overturn at the moment”.

Keywords：imperial examination system，scholar-official，scholar-officials’ criticism，reform，schools

From the International History of the Cold War to Its Global History：The Trend of Diversified Research Paradigms in the Study of the Cold War History in China

（by WANG Dong & YIN Qing-fei）

Abstract：In recent ten years，the study of the Cold War history in China has been influenced by the prosperity of the global history study，and its research paradigm has experienced the diversification of historical materials and perspectives. By using of archives and other primary sources，the Chinese academic circle opens a process characterized by the transition from the international history of the Cold War to its global history，which attaches great importance to the introduction of other research perspectives and methods，enlarging the objects of study from state actors to society，culture and technology. Consequently，an innovative new narrative of the Cold War has emerged on the basis of interdisciplinary studies. While China’s research on the global history of the Cold War has made progress，it also faces challenges from within and outside the discipline. These challenges are not only the problems and limitations of the development of China’ historical study of the Cold War，but also constitute a new academic growth point. With the increasing temporal distance between contemporary researchers and the history of the Cold War，the Cold War shall be put into the long-term history of modernization and globalization.

Keywords：history of the Cold War，global history，new trend，diversification，disciplinary construction

The Approach of Event in the Turn of Material Culture

（by LIU Yang）

Abstract：The turn of material culture，which is active in the frontier of international scholarship，contains an important and yet unattended approach of event. On the phenomenological level，Jean-Luc Marion proves that the event is the giver of the phenomenon itself，laid event as the foundation for materiality，and objectively led to two representative schemes of retaining materiality as event，which together attempt to sublate materialism. Deleuze introduces pure event with the virtual. In Badiou，although event is endowed with the absolute transcendence，it still tends to inevitability in the inner contradiction with the axiomatic premise. Both are sublated by Slavoj Žižek in the sense that he affirms special potentiality to develop the immaterial elements in the materialist connotation on the one hand，and adheres to the materialist principle to avoid idealizing it on the other. Michael Marder further advocates postdeconstructive realism and deepens the issue of grasping things from the perspective of event in a more recent context.This approach of event gives a kind of deep description of materialism，thus vigorously promoting the contemporary process of the turn of material culture.

Keywords：turn of material culture，event，phenomenon，immaterial，post-deconstructive materialism

On the Method of Literary History in Walter Benjamin’s Tragic Drama Studies

（by YAO Yun-fan）

Abstract：‘Erkenntniskritische Vorrede’ is the preface of Walter Benjamin’s The Origins of German Tragic Drama. Not just as a philosophical essay，it contains Benjamin’s own method of literary history. By making a distinction between two different kinds of universality in “idea” and “concept”，Benjamin defines his “tragic drama” as an “idea”，accompanying a description of the social and literary historical transformation about its circumstance. His study presents a dialectical synthesis of extremely special details and universal configuration of historical landscape，which is against the linear evolutionary literary historiography.

Keywords：tragic drama，idea，concept，linear-evolutionary

Science Fictions and Empire：The Popular Landscape in the Literature of Russian Silver Age

（by LIN Jing-hua）

Abstract：As a strong empire with the largest territories in the world at the turn of 19-20thcenturies，Russia continued colonial expansion externally and conducted colonized governance within its territories. Just like the countries such as the UK，France and Germany，Russia developed science and technology with great momentum and applied widely its achievements，which unexpectedly stimulated thought and expanded aesthetic space. In these circumstances，the Silver Age came into being，in which culture prospered and science fictions became the most important literature landscape. This trend did not cease due to the Bolshevik’s ideology of anti-West and anti-capitalism. The new-born Soviet Union realized the importance of scientific and technological progress，and continued to expand its territories as a red empire on the base of advanced technology accumulated in the Russian empire period. As a result，science fictions continued to prosper in the early 1920s，showing features of poetry different from those in Western Europe.

Keywords：empire，the silver age，science fiction，scientific and technological advances，（anti-） Utopia

Community Interaction Ritual，Emotional Energy and Fans’ Loyalty

（by XUE Hai-bo）

Abstract：It has been recognized that brand community plays an important role in attracting loyal fans both online and offline. This paper explores the mechanism through which community interaction rituals，a fundamental component of brand community，influence fans’ loyalty. Based on the valid scales，combining with the fan group interview，a questionnaire was designed and investigated. With collected valid samples，confirmatory factor analysis，structural equation model analysis and hypothesis testing were conducted by partial least square method. The results show that interpersonal-interaction ritual and individual consumption ritual of self-interaction with communal material resources are two dimensions of community interaction rituals that have significant positive impact on fans’ loyalty. Emotional energy mediates the influence of community interaction rituals on fans’ loyalty. In addition，this loyalty is also moderated by network density. The practical managerial implications of these theoretical findings are also discussed.

Keywords：community interaction ritual，fans loyalty，emotional energy，network density，network centrality

The Influence of Entrepreneurs’ Charitable Donation on Consumers’ Purchase Intention and Its Mechanism

（by WANG Zhen-yuan， LONG Si-si， CHEN Yang & YU Ming-yang）

Abstract：This paper innovatively creates the concept of entrepreneur’s identification based on the theory of stimulation- organism- reaction and the theory of celebrity identity. Data from 272 questionnaires were used to analyze how entrepreneur’s charitable donations influence on consumers’ purchase intention. The results show that entrepreneurs’donation of money has significant effect on cognitive identification but little effect on affective identification. Donation of time has significant influence on both cognitive and affective identification. Compared with donation of money，donation of time has a greater influence on cognitive and affective identification. Both cognitive identification and affective identification have significant effect on consumers’ purchase intention. Cognitive identification plays a mediating role between entrepreneurs’ charitable donation and purchase intention. Affective identification plays a mediating role between donation of time and purchase intention，but there is no mediating effect between donation of money and purchase intention. This study is to reveal the effect path of charitable donation behavior on consumers’ purchase intention，andprovide theoretical reference and management enlightenment for entrepreneur identification and entrepreneurs’ charitable donation.

Keywords：entrepreneurs’ charitable donation，entrepreneurs’ identification，cognitive identification，affective identification，purchase intention

Regional Cultural Diversity of Executives and Corporate Innovation

（by LI Zhen & LI Xing-yue）

Abstract：This paper investigates the impact of the senior management team’s regional cultural diversity on corporate innovation performance and the moderating effect on formal institutions from the perspective of culture，an informal system of organization. The results show that the senior management team’s regional cultural diversity has a significant role in promoting corporate innovation，mainly by restraining management’s short-sightedness，improving internal control，and alleviating financing constraints. Moreover，it presents heterogeneous characteristics under different geographical and industrial environments. Compared with inland areas and traditional industries，the regional cultural diversity of corporate executives is more likely to promote corporate innovation in enterprises in coastal areas and high-tech industries. Furthermore，the regional cultural diversity of executives，as an informal system within an enterprise，has a robust and significant substitution effect with formal systems such as social laws and government subsidies，which can effectively make up for the lack of formal institutions in promoting enterprise innovation. It can be seen that at the enterprise level，China’s regional cultural diversity is of great significance in promoting enterprise innovation in exploration and decision-making science；at the government level，the government shall face up to and make full use of our country’s unique regional culture to regulate economic development.

Keywords：corporate executives，regional cultural diversity，corporate innovation，informal institutional adjustment

The Mechanism，Problems and Countermeasures of Family Guardianship and the Protection of Children Living in Difficulty in Shanghai

（by HUANG Chen-xi， XUE Yuan-yuan & CHEN Ting）

Abstract：The protection of children living in difficult circumstances，who are lack of family guardianship or receive inappropriate guardianship，is the top priority with most difficulty in children protection. Since 2016，great efforts have been made in perfecting the protection mechanism towards children living in difficulty，investigating the real situation，building temporary custody shelters and ameliorating the security guaranty mechanism. However，there are still multiple predicaments and problems in aspects such as the discovering and reporting mechanism，temporary care provision，arrangement after leaving the temporary shelters as well as the safeguard and assistance mechanism.Therefore，this paper proposes countermeasures to further improve the protection mechanism of children living in difficulty from perspectives of theories，law，organization setting and profession introduction.

Keywords：guardianship of children living in difficulty，protection mechanism，Shanghai