《托媒》中乡土语言的英译研究
2021-04-14谭西媞
谭西媞
(湖南科技大学 外国语学院,湖南 湘潭 411201)
《托媒》是2019年刘庆邦发布在《收获》上的一篇短篇小说,文中充斥着浓郁的河南特色。该作品以第一人称“我”为叙述视角书写主角“刘本华”的故事,文章将“刘本华”打造成一个道德败坏,对于男女关系没有清晰认知的人。他受人委托介绍文中的“我”和一个门当户对的人相互认识,但因其私欲,破坏了做媒人的准则,对此事只字不提,最后被委托的婚事也因此不了了之。目前为止,在知网进行检索有不少关于刘庆邦的小说分析,但有关《托媒》的内容分析至今还未有研究,也未有人对其小说进行翻译实践。本文采用“求真—务实”连续统评价模式,从俗语、谚语以及方言三个层面对《托媒》英译过程中针对乡土语言的处理进行研究,以期探析其翻译实践过程中向原文贴近的求真程度以及向读者社会靠近的务实程度。
1 《托媒》中乡土语言英译研究
周领顺(2016)根据乡土语言的性质将其分为方言/土语和熟语两类,将熟语概念细化可以得到以下几类:成语、方言、惯用语、格言、俚语、俗语等。并且在其专著《译者行为批评:路径探索》中提出“求真—务实”连续统评价模式是译者行为批评理论中的评价方法,其中“求真”是指“译者为实现务实目标而全部或部分求取原文语言所负载意义真相的行为;务实是指译者在对原文语言所负载的意义全部或部分求真的基础上为满足务实性需要所采取的态度和方法”(周领顺,2014)
本文试图从以下俗语、谚语、方言方面探讨《托媒》中乡土语言英译研究,借助“求真—务实”连续评价模式,分析应该采取哪一种译文,以达到贴近原文的“求真”,以及能够使具有中国文化特色的“乡土语言”起到感染英语目标语读者的“务实”目的。
1.1 俗语的翻译
俗语一词是汉语的固有词汇,具有自己的特定含义和文化底蕴,其‘俗’不仅具有通俗的、大众的、约定成俗的、俚俗的等语义,尚有民俗的意思。(曲彦斌,1996)
例1:
原文:我们那里形容办一件事比较难,往往会说比登天还难。那么,刘本华当上了飞行员,不是等于登上了天嘛!另外,在某种意义上,北京也被人说成是天。刘本华到北京当飞行员,不是一下子登上了两重天嘛!老天爷,这可怎么得了!
译文1:In our village, we usually described a difficult thing as more difficult than flying in the sky. So, when Liu Benhua was recruited as a pilot, it meant that he had successfully flew to the sky. As Beijing was also described as the sky in a sense, Liu Benhua’ s being a pilot in Beijing meant that he had flew to a height even higher than the sky. Oh, unbelievable!
译文2:We describe something as more difficult to do, and we often say that it is harder than reaching the heaven. So, if Liu Benhua became a pilot, doesn’t it mean that he has reached the sky! In addition, in a sense, Beijing is usually compared to the sky. Liu Benhua went to Beijing to be a pilot, didn’t he reached the two heavens all at once! God, unbelievable!
译文3:If we said something difficult, we would compare it as climbing the sky.In other words, being a pilot meant climbing the sky.The difficulty of being a pilot was equivalent to climbing the sky. Besides, Beijing was also said to be a sky. Liu Benhua worked as a pilot in Beijing. So people said that he climbed the sky twice. Oh my god!
“比登天还难”和“一下子登上两重天”中“登天”内含丰富的中国文化背景。在中国文化中“老天爷”的存在在某一程度上起着和西方文化中的“上帝”相似的作用,对比三个译文,译文1和译文3都将“登天”的天译为sky,但考虑到目标语读者为英语国家背景,笔者认为译文2中所用的heaven一词与宗教信仰息息相关,更能体现其背后的含义。译文3中登采用动词climb通常用于攀登山脉,与原文意义不符。因此,我们可得出译文2最为“务实”的结论,考虑到了目标语读者对于中国文化认知的不足,借用英文中相似的意象可以使读者更能感同身受,有助于读者理解上下文。而译文1和译文3“求真”过度,对原文进行了直译,没有考虑目标语读者是否有足够的语言背景来理解其意义。
1.2 谚语的翻译
谚语是人们日常工作经验的概括和总结,其内容精辟、寓意深邃,具有广泛的感染力,“在民间流传的固定语句,用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。
例3:
原文:不要以为我们刘庄店公社无人,有枣没枣打一竿,我来写一篇试试。
译文1: Don’t think that there is no one in our Commune could write such an article. Whether I failed or not.
译文2: Do you think that our Liu Zhuangdian Commune is trifled with?Then I took a shot of writing one to take the potluck.
“有枣没枣打一杆”意思是比喻把握得到好处的事要做,没有把我得到好处的事也要做(百度百科),译文1尽力还原“求真”于原文,但第一句“不有异味我们刘庄店公社无人”这句话过于直译,带有“翻译腔”,而译文2中对于“有枣没枣打一竿”,采用了take the potluck这一短语,可以看出译者想要带给目标语读者一种熟悉氛围的想法,但take the potluck所表达的含义是吃便饭,与原作中意义产生了偏差,会让目标与读者产生歧义,以上两个译文均未做到对于原文的求真以及面向目标语读者的务实。
1.3 地域方言词的翻译
地域方言词往往以独特的方式表达某一地方的语言表达,它能表现地域色彩,又能反映文化背景的真实性,是其地方特色的一大 体现。
例4
原文:他是一个嫉妒心极强的人,他不能看到别人超过他,只要看到村里有人比他强,他就气不平,百样生法也要把比他高的人往下拉。
译文1:he was a jealous man. He could’t let others surpass him. If he see someone in the village who was better than him, he would be anxiety, and he would pull down people who were greater than him.
译文2:he was extremely jealous and couldn’t see anyone else better than him, else he would feel uncomfortable and pull down them by every possible means.
译文3:he was a jealous man. He cannot bear others surpassing him. As long as he saw someone in the village who was superior to him, he would envy others and defeat them by hook or by crook.
百样生法在方言中意为想尽办法达到目的,译文1中并未将百样生法这一层意义翻译出来,削弱了文中“他”的善妒的形象,针对这个词而言是零求真。译文2中by every possible means非常符合百样生法的释义,做到“求真”于原文本,但是此处的百样生法带有贬义性质,而译文2中翻译出来给人以中性词的体会。反观译文3中使用的by hook or by crook意为不择手段,为人物形象增添了反面形象的色彩,对于角色塑造更加具有推动性作用,因此译文3是相较而言最“求真”于原文本,且能使目标语读者理解的译文。
2 结语
本文通过“求真-务实”连续评价模式,分析如何处理翻译《托媒》过程中的乡土语言部分的重难点,发现每种译文都有自己独特之处,但由于对乡土语言的把握还不够到位,以及对英语文化的不熟悉等等原因,只能部分重现乡土文学特点,通过注解以及找到类似的英语语言表达以期增加译文的可读性,为中国乡土文学“走出去”贡献绵薄之力。