创造前所未有的建筑

鲍里斯·沙德-宾索夫，玛丽·布鲁恩·伊德/Boris Schade-Bünsow, Marie Bruun Yde

母卓尔 译/Translated by MU Zhuo'er

未来的城市将面临不同的挑战。我们如何工作、如何出行、如何使用资源，将会改变我们的喜好、行为和我们的城市。在最近几个月里，人们工作的方式和地点发生了根本性的变化，工作被转移到家里和线上。居家办公早已成为一种趋势，而新冠疫情加速了居家办公的趋势，使得提供结合居住与办公的全新空间成为必然。然而，这并不意味着我们在规划城市时要选择更快速的生活方式。相反，交通设施将会发生根本性的变化，交通方式会更多以行人和自行车为中心，交通速度也将下降。而这又将改变我们塑造街道的方式，让街道朝着更加人性尺度和气候友好的方向转变。CO2排放的限制将迫使人们采用新能源，以降低交通与建筑造成的CO2排放。我们如何创造零能耗的建筑？我们如何创造开放的城市？为了让城市朝着理想的方向发展，我们需要什么样的建筑项目？

为了将建筑设计改进得更具有韧性，我们必须做一些以前从未做过的事情。我们通过“世界未来城市计划”（IUPA）寻找既有弹性又很强大的建筑，以应对下一个世纪的需求。IUPA希望集结具有这种潜力的项目，表彰为公共空间和公共生活做出贡献的杰出城市设计与建筑项目。2020年的主要评选标准是项目在城市设计上是否能经受时代挑战，以及是否能赋予城市及其市民经受时代挑战的能力。提交的项目在这个方面展现出了堪称典范的贡献。项目的多元性也令人振奋，获奖和入围的项目来自南美、北美、欧洲、亚洲和非洲多地。许多项目涉及到场地原有建筑的不同层面，大多数项目都对使用者开放了多种功能，并且所有项目都有社会文化意义上的使命。它们展示了具有前瞻性、以人为本、开放、多功能的建筑的力量，这些建筑不仅是促进社区交流的磁石，也是公共利益的守护者。

改造在于生态与身份

10年前的欧洲专注于历史名城的改造，而亚洲则在迅速地建设新的大都市。从那时起，欧洲与亚洲在建筑和城市规划方面的差距就在不断缩小。今天，欧洲的城市仍在发展，新的住宅区建在城市的外围，而在亚洲，既有建筑的改造更新正成为越来越重要的问题。IUPA的入围和获奖项目中，半数以上都涉及到对既有建筑的改造，这说明在世界范围内，保护物质遗产、改造建成环境以适应当今的需求与愿望的需求在日益增长。改造旧建筑和城市空间是一种生态的规划手段，但同时也涉及到身份与记忆的问题。最重要的是，改造项目可以节省灰色能源与建造成本。为了应对气候变化，我们必须高效地利用资源，这使得重塑老旧废弃的建筑成为当务之急。

但是，历史建筑保护也与我们的自我定义有关。对老旧建筑、废弃工业建筑群、衰败街区和空置房屋进行重塑，也是在延续我们的精神历史，保留我们成长过程中宝贵的身份认同。与其拆掉它们，我们更应该保护这些建筑。然而，也并不是所有建筑都具有应该被保留的特质。建筑师需要有足够的创造力，能在贬值的、相对平凡的建筑遗产（尤其是历史并不久远的建筑）中发现潜力，并赋予它们新的功能。建筑师需要在实体和象征意义的层面对建筑进行改造与升级，让人们能重新欣赏、重新居住于那些年代较新的旧建筑中（图1-3）。

社区

过去一年全世界的居家化过程让我们意识到公共生活和社会交往是在哪里发生的。尽管媒体与网络让我们能与更广阔的世界保持联系，但它们并不能替代真正的线下会议和集体组织。社会是靠公共空间维系的。病毒向大家揭示了一点：我们都受益于公共利益，也应该为公共利益做出贡献。人类是相互依存的，这样的政治认知将有助于未来的城市规划。

IUPA的获奖项目出色地展示了建筑是如何作为社会凝聚器的：建筑环境的多样性、灵活性和开放性体现出了社区的概念。社区是建筑的背景，意味着建筑应该传递出场所感和情境感，适应周围环境的尺度与形态，既不要太大也不要太小，既不要太老也不要太新，而要顺应周围的社会（图4、5）。

城市性

柏林评委会由克里斯汀·菲莱斯、谢尔盖·卓班和鲍里斯·沙德-宾索夫组成。我们对所提交项目的国别、背景、类型与方法的多样性印象深刻。它们展现了建筑师是如何有勇气地使用本地材料，在不同大小尺度的项目中工作，为社区创造聚会场所的。获奖项目不仅是伟大的建筑，它们也促进了人们的交流，改善了人们的生活品质。它们向大家展示了，通过建筑项目让既有建筑、周围环境和使用者等多个层次参与其中，创造出多功能的公共空间的新形象是多么重要。

哪些因素可以促进这样的项目，哪些因素又会对它们造成威胁？

显然，这样慷慨的有集体意义的项目是罕见的。随着政府的缺位、绅士化的发展和房地产市场的强势，作为民主的、共享的空间与未来的城市正在受到挑战。我们必须系统地认识这些威胁到各种公共生活的问题。我们需要的不是一个光鲜、干净、同质化的城市，而是一个我们都可以产生认同的城市，一个多层次、多样化、甚至充满矛盾的城市——因为这样的城市才是包容的（图6、7）。

1 五月二十四日街商贸服务综合体以前是Mesbla总部大楼，起初看起来限制很多，较低的层高让它不适合用作运动休闲和文化空间。但是保罗·门德斯·达洛查和MMBB建筑事务所通过对中央中庭的改造，成功地挖掘出了它积极的一面/The SESC 24 de Maio building, a former Mesbla department store, at first seemed restrictive and ill-suited for sport, leisure and culture spaces with its low ceilings. But Paulo Mendes da Rocha and MMBB managed to unfold its positive sides, primarily by reinterpreting the atrium in the middle of it.（摄影/Photo: Nelson Kon）

In the future we have to face different urban challenges. The way we work, the way we move and the way we use resources will change our preferences, behaviour and cities. Within the latest months the manner and place of work changed radically and was relocated to homes and virtual spaces. Working from home was already in trend and only accelerated through the crisis of COVID-19,making it only more obvious that new spaces for combined living and working must be provided.However, we do not only have to speed up when planning cities, on the contrary: Mobility structures will change fundamentally and transport become still more pedestrian and bicycle based, slowing traffic down. This, in turn, will change the way we make streets and retrofit them for the human scale and a better climate. CO2limitations makes new ways of handling energy and the reduction of both traffic and building emissions necessary.How can we develop an architecture with no energy consumption? How do we make the city accessible for people? What projects are necessary to develop the city to what we want it to be?

To improve architecture and design and make it more resilient we have to do things that we never did before. With the International Urban Project Award (IUPA) we are looking for flexible structures and strong architecture facing the needs of the next century. The IUPA calls for projects realising such potentials. IUPA recognises outstanding urban and architectural works contributing to public space and life. This year, the main criterion was a strong urban design that withstands challenging times as well as empowers the city and its citizens to do so. The commitment of the submitted projects was exemplary. Their diversity was encouraging. The winning and shortlisted projects range from South and North America through to Europe, Africa and Asia. Many of them involve different layers of the existing building mass, most of them establish openness to users and uses, all of them have a sociocultural mission. They demonstrate the strength of forward-looking human-oriented, accessible, mixeduse architecture that works not just as a magnet for communication and communities, but ultimately as a guardian for the public good.

Conversion Is Ecology and Identity

Ten years ago Europe was concentrated on the redevelopment of the historic cities, whereas Asia was rapidly building new metropolises. Since then,the gap between European and Asian architecture and urban planning has become smaller. Today,European cities are growing and new housing areas being built on the peripheries, while in Asia the renovation and conversion of the existing building substance is becoming an increasingly important issue. That more than half of the shortlisted and winning IUPA projects work with the transformation of existing structures proves the worldwide growing need to protect our physical heritage and readapt the built environment to present day needs and wishes. Renovating old buildings and urban spaces is an ecological planning approach, but also a question of identity and memory. Most importantly,it can save grey energy and building costs. Resourceefficiency being imperative to tackle the realities of climate change makes the reinterpretation of outdated and deserted architecture urgent.

But the protection of the historic fabric has to do with our self-definition, too. Revaluing old buildings, abandoned industrial complexes, rundown neighbourhoods and unpopular housing estates is also a perpetuation of our mental history, keeping valuable points of identification that we grew up with. Preservation - as opposed to demolition - feels right. However, not all architecture has evident qualities that should be carried into the future. The creativity of architects is requested when it comes to seeing potential in the devaluated and uninspiring heritage especially of the recent past and reinventing it with new uses. Here,the architects carry out a physical and symbolic reand upcycling work that can make us re-appreciate and re-inhabit our youngest history.

2 上海油罐艺术中心/Tank Shanghai（摄影/Photo: INSAN Image）

3 深圳的城中村里满是“握手楼”，它们的间隙狭窄到邻居都可以握手。人们越来越不愿意住在城中村里。创始点对35座这样的塔楼进行改造，试图通过经济适用房、空中走廊等新的连接、街道层次结构和共享空间等手段来增强社区性，重塑这一建筑类型的价值/Urban villages in Shenzhen consisting of "handshake tower blocks" - so narrow that neighbours can literally shake hands - are increasingly discredited. Doffice's makeover of 35 such towers seeks to revalue this typical typology by strengthening the community through affordable housing, new connections like corridors in the air, street hierarchy and shared spaces.（摄影/Photo: IVY Photography & Production）

4 在未来非洲创新校区，新的学习和教学方法将围绕生活方式展开，而不是集中于课堂空间/At the Future Africa InnovationCampus new methods of learning and teaching revolve around lifestyle rather than being concentrated in lecture halls.（摄影/Photo: Lourens Uitenweerde - Eyescape Photography）

5 经过改造后，文里·松阳三庙文化交流中心在更多的层次上设置了开放性的小型公共空间、壁龛和通道，激发了社区生活/Songyang Culture Neighbourhood has been renovated with several generous smaller public spaces, niches and pathways on more levels, inviting for community life.（摄影/Photo: 存在建筑/Arch-Exist）

6 作为一个公共通道和一个艺术空间，吉首美术馆通过延展的、高密度的功能布局，赋予了传统的廊桥以新的形式，成为了城市生活的催化剂/As a public walkway and an art space, the Jishou Art Museum reinvents the traditional covered bridge by extending and densifying its programme making it an urban catalyst.（摄影/Photo: 田方方/TIAN Fangfang）

7 猎人角社区图书馆不仅仅是一个图书馆，它还提供了私密的阅读区、活跃的聚会空间等多种室内外空间。在巨大的高楼之间，这个小建筑脱颖而出，成为一个温暖、人性化尺度的交流场所/Much more than a library, Hunters Point Library provides a diversity of spaces inside and outside ranging from intimate reading areas to active gathering spaces. In the middle of elephantine high-rises, the small structure stands out as a warm, human-scale meeting space.（摄影/Photo:Iwan Baan）

Community

The domestication experienced all over the world within the last year made us aware where public life and social interaction take place. Although media and virtual reality keep us in touch with the bigger world,they cannot compensate for real physical meetings and collective structures. Society is knitted together in the public space. It took a virus to expose that we all bene fit from and contribute to the common good.The political recognition that we are all dependent on each other is a quality that will hopefully help de fining the way we plan cities in the future.

The IUPA projects excellently exhibit how architecture can act as social condensers: Community is expressed in the built environment through diversity, flexibility and accessibility. Community is context, meaning that architecture should transport a sense of place and situation, adapting to the surrounding scale and morphology, being not too big or too small, not too old or new, but subordinate to society.

Urbanity

In the Berlin jury - consisting of Kristin Feireiss, Sergei Tchoban and Boris Schade-Bünsow -we were impressed by the broadness of nationalities,contexts, typologies and approaches presented in the submitted projects. They show the courage of architects to make use of local materials, work on smaller or larger scales and create meeting places for the neighbourhood. The winning projects not only demonstrate great architecture, but also engage with human beings, improving the quality of life for everybody. They show how important it is to involve different layers of the existing building substance,the surroundings and people and to create new images of public space with a mix of functions.

What enables such projects, what threatens them?

Clearly, such generous, collective projects are rare. Along with the withdrawal of the state,gentrification and the onward march of the real estate market, the city as a democratic, shared space and future is challenged. Such issues endangering the variety of living together must be thematised.We do not need a sleek, clean, homogeneous city,but one that we all can identify with, one that is layered, heterogeneous, and even contradictory in that it is inclusive.