APP下载

英语阅读“理解词汇”微技能提升策略

2021-01-02程刘童

考试与招生 2021年12期
关键词:信息源划线指代

>>>明 艳 程刘童

《中国考试》2019年第12期《基于高考评价体系的英语科考试内容改革实施路径》一文中提到,高考英语科考查内容中的关键能力在阅读理解中归纳为7项具体能力:(1)理解词汇;(2)理解具体信息;(3)理解主旨要义;(4)理解观点、态度;(5)理解目的;(6)推断;(7)理解文章结构、类型。本文通过对近几年高考真题进行分析,来解析高考题对考生“理解词汇”微技能的考查特点,以达到提升学生能力的目的。

词汇是文章的基本要素,考生要能辨识句子及语篇中词语(单词、词组或固定搭配)的意义或指代关系,能够通过上下文判断其在特定语境中的具体含义。理解词汇是在考查考生的词汇量吗?当然不是。根据全球语言监测机构的研究,到2009年,英语词汇已经超过了100万个。美国高中毕业生掌握的词汇量大概在7000~8000个,这也是托福和雅思考试所要求达到的词汇量。我们不可能认全所有英语单词,那么在碰到不懂的单词时,该怎么办呢?所以,必须具备猜词能力,猜测词义或语义题也应运而生,用以考查考生理解词汇的能力。只有具备了这种能力,阅读理解的速度才能大大提高。

猜测词义或语义题的主要特点有:题目要求考生判断文中划线部分单词、短语或句子的含义;题干中已经给出了该单词、短语或句子的定位点;所考查的单词、短语或句子一般为超纲内容。本文在此介绍一些常见的方法。

一、根据逻辑关系猜测词义

1.根据上下文提供的信息猜测词义

(2021年全国乙卷,25题) What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?

A.Admit. B.Argue.

C.Remember. D.Remark.

(信息源)Of those Australians who still have a landline,a thirdconcedethat it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket——19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.

划线词的上文提到“在仍然有座机”的澳大利亚人中,下文提到“三分之一的人”以及“并不必要,只是当作给人带来安全的东西”。所以,可以推断这些有座机的人承认这一情况。故答案为A。如果选B“争辩”,指的是“这些有座机的澳大利亚人争辩说座机有用”;D选项表达的是“说或评论说”;C选项混淆性不大。

(2021年全国甲卷,9题) What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean?

A.Be careful! B.Well done!

C.No way! D.Don’t worry!

(信息源)Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don’t worry about it.…A few minutes later,when I landed the trick,my friends beat their boards loud,shouting,“Safe!Safe!Safe!”And that’s what mattered——landing tricks,being a good skater.

通过上文提供的“safe”的三个涵义范围和下文代词that后的部分“那就是最重要的——落地技巧,当一个好的滑板手”,可以猜出划线部分的词义是同伴们说的“welldone”, 表示鼓励和赞赏。故答案为B。

2.通过转折关系猜测词义

(2020年全国I卷,26题)What does the underlined word “currency”in paragraph 4 refer to?

A.Debt. B.Reward.

C.Allowance. D.Face value.

(信息源)But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,rereading an author’s work is the highestcurrencya reader can pay them.

划线词的上下文构成了转折关系,“虽然钱的确很好很必要,但是重读一个作者的作品才是一个读者对作者最高的回馈”。通过转折或对比关系也是猜测词义的一个好方法,故答案为B。

3.通过比较关系猜测词义

(2021年3月天津卷,43题)The underlined part“leaving behind the layer”in Paragraph 8 can be understood as _______ .

A.letting go of the past.

B.looking for a new job.

C.getting rid of a bad habit.

D.giving up an opportunity.

(信息源))As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform,I saw himleaving behind the layerthat no longer served him,just as our lizard had.

通过下文的“just as our lizard had”以及上文提到的蜥蜴脱皮行为可知,此处作者的儿子脱掉篮球服,换上棒球服,正是“放下过去,向前看”的意思,运用了比较的关系猜词。故答案为A。

4.通过因果关系猜测词义

(2020年全国II卷,30题)What does the underlined word “collapsed”in paragraph 5 probably mean?

A.Boomed. B.Became mature.

C.Remained stable. D.Crashed.

(信息源))The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutriacollapsedin the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.

“几十年来,皮毛贸易使得海狸鼠的数量受到抑制,但是当二十世纪八十年代后期这个市场垮掉的时候,这种像猫一样大小的动物的数量开始激增。”文中隐含了因果关系,通过下文海狸鼠数量激增这个结果,可以推断上文海狸鼠市场垮掉这个原因。故答案为D。

二、根据针对性解释猜测词义

1.通过同义替换猜测词义

(2020年全国III卷,26题)What does the underlined phrase“keeping tabs on”in paragraph 3 probably mean?

A.Listing completely.

B.Directing professionally.

C.Promoting successfully.

D.Watching carefully.

(信息源))One nonprofit organization,which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, iskeeping tabs onmore than 2,000 productions this year.

一个非营利性组织“监管”电影娱乐业对待动物的方式,所以下文是对“监管”一词的解释,“今年对两千多个作品进行了仔细的查看”。故答案为D。

2.通过标点符号猜测词义

(2019年全国I卷,25题)What does the underlined word “stumbles”in paragraph 2 refer to?

A.Improper pauses.

B.Bad manners.

C.Spelling mistakes.

D.Silly jokes.

(信息源)“I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...”Chris trips on the“-ld”,a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers...“...Vote for...me...”Except for somestumbles,Chris is doing amazingly well.

文中几处省略号形象地表达了小男孩紧张的情绪,也不难猜出“stumbles”一词是“不恰当的停顿”的意思。故答案为A。

3.通过例证猜测词义

(2020年北京卷,42题) What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

A.Enormous in quantity.

B.Changeable daily.

C.Stable in quality.

D.Present everywhere.

(信息源) Certain forms of AI are indeed becomingubiquitous.For example,algorithms(算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets,self-driving cars are appearing on city streets,and our smartphones are translating from one language into another.

“一些形式的人工智能真的变得处处皆是。比如,在我们的金融市场上算法在操作大量交易,城市街道上是无人驾驶的汽车,智能手机在把一种语言翻译成另外一种语言。”通过For example后列举的例子可以推测出划线词是“无所不在”的意思。故答案为D。

(2018年全国I卷,29题)Which of the following best explains “dominant”underlined in paragraph 2?

A.Complex. B.Advanced.

C.Powerful. D.Modern.

(信息源)In recent centuries,trade,industrialisation,the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education,especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English,Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.

“近几百年来,贸易、工业化、单一民族国家以及普遍的义务教育,尤其是近几十年来全球化以及通讯的更好发展,都导致很多语言消失,像英语、西班牙语和中文这样的主导语言变得越来越盛行。”通过such as后的例子可以推断dominant一词是“占主导地位的”。故答案为C。

三、根据指代关系猜测词义

(2020年7月浙江卷,25题)What does the underlined word “that”in paragraph 2 refer to?

A.Increased length of green lights.

B.Shortened traffic signals cycle.

C.Flexible timing of traffic signals.

D.Smooth traffic flow on the road.

(信息源)The traffic signal along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington,generally don’t flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour...Just like the traffic itself, the timing of signals changes.

“Thatis by design.”

划线词出现在第二段开头。此处指代第一段中表述的内容,即:华盛顿州贝尔维尤市一条街道上的交通信号灯的时间会根据交通情况灵活变化。 第二段的“That is by design”意为“那是有意为之”,故 “that”指的是“交通信号的灵活变化”。故答案为C。

(2017年全国I卷,29题) What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 3 refer to?

A.Jazz becoming more accessible.

B.The production of jazz growing faster.

C.Jazz being less popular with the young.

D.The jazz audience becoming larger.

(信息源))Despite the celebrations,though, in the US the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that.

一般代词指代上一句中的某个名词或某种情况。此处that指代上一句中提到的“爵士乐观众持续减少并且观众年龄在增大”,后面又强调“这种音乐已经不能与年轻一代建立情感联系”。所以,Jason Moran的工作就是想办法改变这种现状。故答案为C。

(2017年全国II卷,26题) What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 3 refer to?

A.Their belief.

B.Their care for children.

C.Their success.

D. Their support for each other.

(信息源)We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back——he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly,but sharingthatbrought us together.

虽然此处“that”距离所指代名词“belief”比较远,但是通过观察上句的核心信息,即破折号前的部分以及共同的动词share,可以猜出代词所指。故答案为A。

四、根据构词法猜测词义

(2016年全国II卷,27题)What does the underlined word “downside” in paragraph 4 probably mean?

A.Mistake. B.Drawback.

C.Difficulty. D.Burden.

(信息源)Encouraging this kind of thinking has adownside.I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.

前缀down表示“下降,减少”,类似的词有:downgrade(降职),downhill(下山),download(下载),downpour(下大雨),downstairs(下楼)等。“draw”有绘画的意思,就是在拉或画线条,back是后退或扯后腿的意思,所以drawback一词,是拉着你后退的东西,所以指“不利条件”。故答案为B。

总之,猜测词义或语义题不仅考查了考生对词汇的理解,也考查了考生的高阶思维,以及在情境中理解运用所学知识的能力。所以考生要了解该类题的考查目的和命题方法,关注文本的上下文语境,发现其中的逻辑关系,正确得出划线部分的语义。

轻松一刻

事情也有例外

老师在课堂上讲解物理常识:“磨刀石中间是着力的地方,经常跟刀子摩擦,因此凹下去;磨刀石两头因为不着力,所以凸了起来。”

“老师,事情也有例外。”志强说道,“例如我的脚底板,两头凸出来的恰好是着力的地方,每天都在跟地面摩擦;而脚底板中间是不着力的地方,反而凹进去了。”

保持谦虚

一位颇有名气的哲学家在演讲结束后与学生交谈。一个学生问道:“您认为谁是当今最优秀的哲学家?”

哲学家说:“孩子,你使我面临两难处境!一方面,我的品格要求我谦虚,因而我不便说出这个名字;另一方面,我的品格要求我诚实,因而我又不得不说出这个名字。我这样解释,也许已经让你想到这个名字了。如果你没有想错,那我要谢谢你让我保持了谦虚,又拥有了诚实。”

事半功倍

儿子问父亲:“什么叫事半功倍呀?”

父亲解释道:“说的是人们因为做事方法得当,只耗费了一半的力气,就收到了加倍的成效。”

儿子点了点头,说:“就像邻居阿姨一次生了一对双胞胎,就是事半功倍,对吧?”

父亲:……

车夫

两匹老马站在高速公路旁看着来来往往的汽车,它们发现驾驶员身上都系着安全带。

其中一匹对另一匹说:“我知道人们为什么不需要我们了,现在,他们都自己拉车了。”

猜你喜欢

信息源划线指代
奥卡姆和布列丹对指代划分的比较
睡眠者效应
Parents and Kids
Ambition
The Ways of Leading a Healthy Life
新媒体时代,记者如何正确使用信息源
爱国婊
美国智库对华军事研究的信息源分析——以兰德公司2000~2013年报告的引文分析为例
与信源保持距离—体育记者如何协调与信息源的关系
新目标七年级下期末句型转换专练