基于“空间规划”的适应性再利用：荷兰蒂尔堡的“机车棚” 图书馆

2020-12-26阿尔伯托博洛尼亚AlbertoBologna

世界建筑 2020年12期

关键词：内景楼层空间规划

阿尔伯托·博洛尼亚/Alberto Bologna

记忆与再生

栏目主持：阿尔伯托·博洛尼亚，米凯利·博尼诺，皮埃尔–阿兰·克罗塞特

Memory and Regeneration

Column Editors: Alberto Bologna, Michele Bonino, Pierre-Alain Croset

新的“机车棚”文化中心位于荷兰蒂尔堡工业城的中心位置，毗邻最近刚经过现代化改造的主火车站。建在半空的铁轨从东到西将城市切成了两半，像一个不自然的人工地标一样融入城市形态，在南北之间形成了真正的物理分界。火车站南边的地区密集分布着三、四层的楼房，北边的地区正在进行大规模改造，各种类型的建筑分布在更广阔的城市空间中，一条供行人和自行车通行的地下通道系统将它们连接起来。

在车站旁边，铁轨之外，有一个刚刚翻新的大型开放区域为其提供服务，容纳有公共空间以及自行车和汽车的大型停车区。该地块主要是前荷兰铁路维修公司的车棚，建于1932 年，用于组装、维修和储存机车，现已被改造成一个新的图书馆和公共聚会场所，用于举办活动和展览。它于2019 年1 月落成，由于在世界建筑节上获得了著名的“2019 年度世界建筑奖”，而吸引了全世界媒体的高度关注。

由蒂尔堡市政府推动的该建筑的适应性再利用项目是各个建筑工作室之间有效合作的结果，每个工作室都对方案的复杂性和需要解决的设计问题都贡献了自己的具体专长。专门从事公共建筑的思维可建筑事务所承担了首席建筑师和总体协调的角色；以工业遗产项目而闻名荷兰的布拉克斯马及鲁斯建筑事务所负责整个项目的现有建筑的改造和修复。内外/佩特拉·布莱斯事务所是室内和景观设计方面的专家，并在装置方面有丰富的经验，他们负责室内的整体设计以及由独特的悬挂式织物隔断所限定的空间布置；梅卡努建筑事务所负责图书馆、各种车间空间、咖啡店和办公室的陈设；最后，奥雅纳公司提供了有关能源可持续性、材料再利用和声学设计等方面的技术和工程建议。

混合的功能将旧铁道工棚变成了一个供人们聚集的真正的城市空间。事实上，它战略性的选址——靠近车站且位于低密度地区，使它成为一个高识别度的社区中心，其任务是弥合架空铁路线造成的城市结构的物理分割。

为实现这一目标，设计师们采用了哪些设计工具？主要的设计主题是分散的，因此，一个占地约5400m2（90m×60m）、高15m、分为两个中庭的大

1 鸟瞰/Aerial View（摄影/Photo: Civic Architects）

2 旧的（图中红色）与新的（图中蓝色）承重结构/The old (in red) and new (in blue) load-bearing structure of the building

3 新楼板系统/The new system of floors

4 悬挂式移动织物屏风系统/The system of suspended, mobile textile screens（2-4 绘制/Drawings: Civic Architects）

The new LocHal cultural centre is located centrally in the industrial town of Tilburg in the Netherlands, close to its main railway station, which has recently been modernised. The railway track, which runs from east to west axis, cuts the town right in half. Built overhead, it fits into the urban morphology like an unnatural, artificial landmark, creating a real physical division between north and south. A system of pedestrian and bicycle underpasses connects the area around the railway station to the south, densely characterised by threefour-storey buildings, with the area to the north, which is undergoing extensive transformation and where buildings of various types are distributed in a more widespread urban space.

Next to the station and serving it, but positioned beyond the tracks, there is now a large open area which has been recently renovated and houses public spaces and large parking areas for bicycles and cars. The site is dominated by the former Nedtrain shed which was built in 1932 for the assembly, repair and storage of locomotives and has been converted into a new library and public meeting place, designed to host events and exhibitions. It was inaugurated in January 2019 and has attracted considerable media attention from all over the world, thanks to the prestigious World Building of the Year 2019 award received at the World Architecture Festival.

The project promoted by the Municipality of Tilburg for the adaptive reuse of the building is the result of effective collaboration between various architectural studios, each contributing its own specific expertise to the complexity of the programme and the design issues to be addressed. A studio specialising in public architecture, Civic Architects, took on the role of lead architect and general coordination; Braaksma & Roos Architectenbureau, already known in the Netherlands for other industrial heritage project, was responsible for the overall project to transform and restore the existing parts of the building; Inside Outside/Petra Blaisse, experts in interior and landscape design with extensive experience in installations, managed the overall design of the interiors as well as the spatial configuration generated by the characteristic hanging textile partitions; Mecanoo is responsible for the furnishings of the library, the various workshopspaces, the coffee shop and the offices; lastly, Arup provided technical and engineering advice on aspects relating to energy sustainability, the reuse of materials and acoustic design.

5 内景：朝南的中庭，木质平台安装在原有铁轨留下的痕迹上/Interior view: south-facing atrium, wooden platform mounted on a railway trolley（摄影/Photo: Ossip Architectuurfotografie）

6 图书馆内景/Interior view of the library（摄影/Photo: Stijn Bollaert）

The functional mix transforms the old railway shed into a real urban space where people can gather. The fact that it is strategically located close to the station and in a low-density area makes it an easily recognisable place central to the neighbourhood, with the task of overcoming the physical division of the urban fabric caused by the overhead railway line.

What design tools have been put in place to achieve this aim? The main design theme is the distributive and, consequently, spatial resolution of a variegated series of functions to be housed inside a large existing volume of about 5400 square metres (90 m × 60 m), 15 metres high which is divided into two naves.

The effectiveness of the project can be summed up, according to the authors, in three actions: the exaltation and pragmatic reuse of the existing load-bearing structure, the "parasitic" inclusion of new volumes inside it, creating separate spaces for different uses and, above all, on different levels, so that they are visually and spatially connected and, lastly, a refined flexibility of the environments obtained thanks to the precise insertion of mobile textile partitions that can be used to create different planimetric and spatial configurations, if necessary.

The spatial quality of the new project is based on the recognition of the aesthetic potential of the existing structural system: a large steel frame consisting basically of three series of vertical trusses –two along the long sides of the building and one in the middle of the floor plan – which originally supported not only the lattice girders of the roof trusses but also very strong beams for cranes and gantries capable of lifting entire locomotives. Olivier Graeven, architect at Braaksma & Roos Architectenbureau reveals how: "research, historical research and technical research, showed that the structure of the hall was good and could last many more years" and, consequently, "we wanted the skeleton of the building to be the starting point for the spatial experience". The original structures therefore act as support both for the hanging vegetation placed on the beams of the gantries and for new structural elements serving the fixed furnishings and new floors that define the environments created to house the building's internal functions.

This structural configuration permits an adaptive reuse project capable of preserving the majesty of the shed's original space thanks to the decision not to use any fixed vertical partitions, but to distinguish and circumscribe the different areas intended for the functions planned by interpreting, adapting and amplifying the Loosian paradigm of theRaumplan, or "the spatial plan". This is a founding theoretical principle of twentiethcentury culture and design practice, based on the ideal interlocking and spatial interaction of environments of different sizes and with different functions, obtained using floors placed at different heights. This principle is used instrumentally at 体积内，将容纳一系列不同的功能，从而解决空间问题。

7 图书馆内景/Interior view of the library

8 内景：“相聚而坐”区域/Interior view: the Seats2Meet area

在笔者看来，项目的效果可以归纳为3 个方面：以务实的方式在其内部 “寄生”新的体量，实现了对现有承重结构的增强型再利用；其次，为不同的用途，尤其是在不同的楼层上，创造了独立的空间，使得它们可以在视觉和空间上相互连接；最后，由于精确地插入了可移动的织物隔断，在必要时可用于创造不同的平面和空间配置，从而使环境更加灵活。

新项目的空间质量建立在对现有结构系统的美学潜力的认可之上：一个大型钢架基本上由两个系列的垂直桁架组成——两个沿着建筑的长边，一个在中间——它最初不仅支撑着屋顶桁架的结构梁，而且还支撑着那些非常坚固的、用于起重机和能够提起整个机车的龙门架的梁。布拉克斯马及鲁斯建筑事务所的建筑师奥利维尔·格雷文透露了其中的方法：“历史研究和技术研究表明，大厅的结构是好的，可以使用很多年”，所以，“我们希望建筑的骨架成为空间体验的起点”。因此，原有的结构既支撑了龙门架梁上悬挂的植物，也支撑了服务于固定家具和新楼板的新结构元素——这些新的结构元素定义了为容纳建筑内部功能而创造的环境。

为了使这个适应性再利用项目能够保留工棚原有空间的雄伟，设计团队决定不使用任何固定的垂直隔断，而是通过诠释、调整和放大卢斯的“Raumplan”范式，或称为“空间规划”范式，来区分和界定不同的区域。该范式是20 世纪文化和设计实践的一个基本理论原则，其基础是不同大小和不同功能的环境之间理想的连结和空间互动，通过在不同高度上布置楼层得以实现。这个原则在“机车棚”项目中得到了有效的运用，以达到一个明确的、实用的设计意图：将图书馆设想成一个公共场所，一个多功能的、合用的、便利的、可渗透的建筑物。这不是全部：由于艺术组织、工作室和协同工作空间的存在，这里不仅是一个“消费”知识的地方，也是一个“生产”知识的地方。

空间和功能的组合以及它们在不同楼层的位置，并没有为建筑内部确定一条优先的路线，尽管其意图显然是优先考虑沿着从面向火车站和轨道的入口开始的南北轴线步行的可能性。朝南的中庭充满从玻璃幕墙中透出的自然光，看起来就像室内的城市广场，里面有一个小卖部和一个多功能区域，可以很容易地适应从社交场所到展览或娱乐区的各种用途。原有铁轨留下的痕迹上安装有一个大型的木质平台，它嵌在工棚的地板上，可以根据需要用作桌子或舞台。广场的表面折叠成大型台阶——即“相聚而坐”区域，可容纳1000名观众参加公共活动。高效的楼层系统由阶梯和楼梯连接，在不同楼层上容纳了图书馆的各种功能：包括摆放供阅读或者购买的书籍的书架区，大型阅读区，供小型活动或休闲娱乐活动的房间等。连接不同楼层的楼梯系统总是清晰可见，并强调楼层的存在。这些不同的楼层使得持续的空间和视觉渗透性成为可能，并容纳各种功能，使图书馆成为一个始终充满活力和活跃的地方。除了各种会议和公共活动的区域，还有一系列的实验室，人们可以在这里享受新的体验：每个实验室的特点不同，因此在建筑的复杂空间系统中都是独一无二的、可识别的，比如有食品实验室、世界实验室、数字实验室和遗产实验室。顶层有一个大型的全景阳台，可以将城市的全貌尽收眼底。

9 内景：朝南的中庭/Interior view: south-facing atrium（7-9 摄影/Photos: Ossip Architectuurfotografie）

在某些情况下，需要将“空间规划”所产生的巨大空间，包括楼层、台阶和楼梯的序列，缩小为较小的空间，这就需要总面积为4125m2的6 个悬挂式移动织物屏风来满足。这些隔断对整个建筑的声学舒适度做出了巨大贡献。例如，它们可以移动到“相聚而坐”区域，将其与图书馆的上层隔开，从而形成一个小型的半私人礼堂。最大的屏风宽50m、高15m，位于南入口大厅。在展览、音乐会或会议期间，它们可以用来隐藏咖啡亭，当它们被安置在建筑南面的窗户前时，这些屏风可以塑造和漫射室内广场高大的玻璃幕墙上的光线。当阳光照射到窗帘的半透明表面时，它们会变成真实的光瀑，从而提高室内的亮度和空间质量。

10 内景：“相聚而坐”区域/Interior view of the Seats2Meet area（摄影/Photo: Stijn Bollaert）

通过重新定义公共图书馆的概念，并将其转变为一个聚会的场所、一个有顶的城市通道、一个工作、休闲和学习的场所，对前荷兰铁路维修公司工棚的适应性再利用重新定义了蒂尔堡车站的平庸区域，使其成为新的文化中心。即将建成的“思想实验室”，位于与“机车棚”相邻的另一座建筑中的新闻学校，将使这一中心得到进一步的加强。the LocHal for the distributive resolution of a clear, pragmatic design intention: to conceive a library as a public place, and as an extremely versatile, usable, accessible and permeable building. And that is not all: a place where knowledge is not only "consumed" but also "produced" thanks to the presence of artistic organisations, workshops and coworking spaces.

The combination of spaces and functions, and their location on different floors, does not identify a preferential route inside the building, although it is clear that the intention is to prioritise the possibility of walking along the south-north axis, starting from the entrance facing the railway station and the tracks. The south-facing atrium, flooded with natural light from the glass façade, looks like an indoor town square and houses a kiosk and an area that can be easily adapted to various uses: from a place for socialising to an exhibition or entertainment area. There is a large wooden platform mounted on a railway trolley positioned on the traces left by the original tracks – embedded in the floor of the shed – which can be used as a table or stage, as required. The surface of the square folds into large steps – the Seats2Meet area – which can accommodate up to a thousand spectators for public events. Steps and flights of stairs connect the effective system of floors which house the various functions of the library on different levels: from the spaces occupied by the shelves with books for reference or to buy, to the large reading areas and rooms intended for small events or leisure and recreational activities. The different levels, which are connected by a system of stairs that are always clearly visible and emphasise the presence of these levels allow constant spatial and visual permeability and host the various functions that make the library a place that is always alive and active. In addition to various areas for conferences and public events, there are a series of labs where visitors can enjoy new experiences: each one has different characteristics, making them all unique and recognisable within the complex spatial system of the building. Examples are the Food Lab, the World Lab, the DigiLab and the Heritage Lab. The top floor houses a large panoramic balcony offering a complete view of the city.

The need to reduce the vast spaces generated by theRaumplan, represented by the sequence of floors, steps and flights of stairs, to smaller spaces on certain occasions is met by a system of six suspended, mobile textile screens, with a total surface area of 4125 square metres. These partitions make a substantial contribution to the acoustic comfort of the building as a whole. They can, for example, be moved to separate the Seats2Meet area from the upper floors of the library, thereby creating a small semi-private auditorium. The largest screens, which are 50 metres wide by 15 metres high, are positioned at the southern entrance hall. They can be used to hide the coffee kiosk during exhibitions, concerts or conferences and, when positioned in front of the windows on the building's southern façade, these screens mould and diffuse the light that floods the tall glass façades in the interior plaza. When the sun hits the translucent surfaces of the curtains, they turn into real cascades of light that contribute to the brightness and the resulting spatial quality of the interiors.

With the redefinition of the concept of the public library and its transformation into a meeting place, a covered urban passage, a place for work, leisure and study, the adaptive reuse of the former Nedtrain shed redefines the anonymous area of Tilburg station, making it a new cultural hub, which will be further enhanced by the forthcoming completion of MindLab, the school of journalism located in another adjacent building communicating with LocHal.