2型糖尿病合并慢性肾脏病的临床病理特点及中成药应用分析
2020-10-12李丹丹严美花武曦蔼李平
李丹丹 严美花 武曦蔼 李平
摘要 目的:分析糖尿病腎脏疾病(DKD)与非糖尿病肾脏疾病(NDKD)鉴别的预测因素,归纳2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者中成药的用药规律,为临床鉴别NDKD及合理使用中成药提供参考。方法:采用回顾性分析,选取中日友好医院2010—2018年行肾活检的463例T2DM患者,根据病理诊断将患者分为DKD组65例(14.04%),DKD合并NDKD组85例(18.36%),NDKD组313例(67.60%)。使用logistic回归分析筛选NDKD临床预测因素,总结中成药治疗T2DM合并CKD患者的用药规律。结果:1)2型糖尿病NDKD的临床预测因素包括:无糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病病程<6年、血红蛋白≥120 g/L、肾小球源性血尿、未达到肾综范围蛋白尿。其中无糖尿病视网膜病变具有最高的预测意义(OR,14.902;95%CI,5.989~37.07)。2)2型糖尿病合并慢性肾脏病最常用的中成药为黄葵胶囊,其次为虫草类制剂,海昆肾喜胶囊及尿毒清颗粒。NDKD组单用中成药的比例高于其他2组(P<0.001),联用4种及以上中成药的比例低于其他2组(P<0.001)。随着疾病进展黄葵胶囊的使用比例逐渐下降,尿毒清颗粒的使用比例逐渐升高,虫草类制剂及海昆肾喜胶囊在CKD3-4期使用比例较高,到CKD5期有所下降。结论:1)NDKD临床预测因素包括:以无糖尿病视网膜病变为主、另外,糖尿病病程<6年、血红蛋白≥120 g/L、伴肾小球源性血尿等亦具有参考意义。2)中成药在慢性肾脏病中使用广泛,针对蛋白尿最常用的药物为黄葵胶囊,随着疾病进展虫草类制剂、海昆肾喜胶囊及尿毒清颗粒使用比例有所变化。
关键词 糖尿病肾脏疾病;2型糖尿病;肾活检;中成药
Abstract Objective:To analyze the predictive factors of the differential diagnosis between diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD),summarize the usage of Chinese patent medicine in type 2 diabetic mellitus(T2DM)complicated with chronic kidney disease(CKD) patient, to provide a reference for identification of NDKD and rational usage of Chinese patent medicine.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to observe 463 type 2 diabetic patients who underwent renal biopsy in China-Japan Friendship Hospital from 2010 to 2018.The patients were divided into3 groups, 65 in DKD group (14.04%),85 in DKD complicated with NDKD group (18.36%),and 313 in NDKD group (67.60%) according to the pathological results.Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the clinical predictive factors of NDKD,and the regularity of Chinese patent medicine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with chronic kidney disease were summarized.Results:1)The clinical predictors of T2DM NDKD include:non-diabetic retinopathy, course of diabetes<6 years,hemoglobin ≥ 120 g / L, glomerular hematuria, proteinuria without meeting the standard of nephropathy syndrome.Non-diabetic retinopathy had the highest predictive significance (OR,14.902; 95% CI,5.989-37.07);2)Huangkui capsule was the most commonly used Chinese patent medicine for treatment of T2DM complicated with CKD,followed by Cordyceps, Haikun Shenxi capsule and Niaodu Qing granules.Single use of Chinese patent medicine in NDKD group was higher while combination of four or more Chinese patent medicine ratio was lower than the other two groups (P<0.001).With the development of CKD,the proportion of Huangkui capsule decreased,the proportion of Niaodu Qing granules increased,the proportion of Cordyceps and haikun Shenxi capsule in CKD3-4 stage was higher,and it decreased in CKD5 stage. Conclusion:1)The clinical predictors of NDKD include mainly non-diabetic retinopathy,besides, course of diabetes<6 years,hemoglobin ≥ 120 g / L, glomerular hematuria and so on also have significance.2)Chinese patent medicine is widely used in chronic kidney disease.The most commonly used drugs for proteinuria are Huangkui capsule, with the development of disease, the useage propotion of Cordyceps, haikun Shenxi capsule and Niaodu Qing granules were changed.
Keywords Diabetic kidney disease; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Renal biopsy; Chinese patent medicine
中图分类号:R256.5;R255.4;R259文献标识码:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2020.17.002
糖尿病肾脏疾病(Diabetic Kidney Disease,DKD)是糖尿病最常见的慢性微血管并发症之一。在我国,糖尿病相关肾脏疾病已经成为近五年导致三甲医院住院患者发生慢性肾脏病(Chroninc Kidney Disease,CKD)的首要原因[1]。在2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并CKD患者中除了DKD,也会出现非糖尿病肾脏疾病(Non-diabetic Kidney Disease,NDKD)或DKD合并NDKD的情况[2]。肾活检是诊断DKD的金标准,但由于其是一项有创性操作,且有诸多限制,故并非临床常规使用的检测方法。故从临床特征上辨别DKD及NDKD尤为重要。本文拟分析T2DM合并CKD患者临床病理特点,筛选NDKD临床鉴别因素。
此外,DKD早期隐匿起病,无特殊临床症状,很难被发现,当表现出显性蛋白尿时,则意味着患者肾脏已经遭受到严重损伤。但是对于DKD的治疗仍缺乏特异性药物,多种中药提取物或联合制剂已被证实具有明显的肾脏保护作用[3-5]。由于当前DKD西医治疗的局限性及中药汤剂在使用时的不易操作性,使中成药在治疗DKD中使用越来越广泛。本文拟归纳总结中成药在DKD及NDKD中的使用分布情况。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取2010—2018年于中日友好医院收住院行肾活检的T2DM患者463例作为研究对象,男295例,女168例,男女比例为1.76∶1;肾穿刺时年龄从24~80岁,平均年齡(52.29±10.73)岁,其中44岁以下为126例,45~59岁为213例,60岁以上为123例。根据病理诊断将患者分为DKD组65例(14.04%),DKD合并NDKD组85例(18.36%),NDKD组313例(67.60%)。
1.2 研究方法 通过电子病例系统提取患者病例资料,收集并记录患者的基本信息:姓名、住院号、性别、年龄、民族;临床资料:糖尿病病程、糖尿病家族史、身高、体质量、体质量指数(BMI)、吸烟史、饮酒史、血压、有无糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)、其他DM并发症、高血压、肾综范围蛋白尿、肾小球源性血尿、血肌酐升高等;实验室指标:24 h尿蛋白定量(24 h-UP)、血清肌酐(Scr),估计肾小球滤过率(eGFR,采用CKD-EPI公式计算[6]),血尿素(BUN)、尿酸(UA)、血清白蛋白(ALB)、血红蛋白(Hgb)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C);中成药使用情况等信息。
1.3 诊断标准 所有患者肾活检标准遵循2007年发表的KDOQI指南[7],均签署肾活检知情同意书。患者均在超声引导下行肾穿刺活检术,肾组织行光镜、电镜及免疫荧光检查。病理诊断参考WHO(1995年)肾小球疾病组织学分型修订方案[8]及2000年5月全国肾活检病理诊断研讨会提出的肾活检诊断标准指导意见[9]进行诊断及分类。患者肾脏病诊断均采取“验诊、审核、讨论”制度,本研究纳入的所有病例,均由肾脏专科医师及肾脏病理诊断医师协商讨论一致后确定临床病理诊断。T2DM诊断参考美国糖尿病协会(ADA)糖尿病学诊疗标准[10],CKD诊断及分期参考《KDIGO CKD评估和管理临床实践指南》[11]。
1.4 统计学方法 采用SPSS 22.0进行数据分析,满足正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差()表示,不满足正态分布的计量资料采用中位数(25%,75%)表示。根据数据类型采用方差分析、秩和检验、卡方检验等方法进行描述统计,使用logistic回归分析筛选出NDKD临床预测因素。
2 结果
2.1 NDKD与DKD+NDKD患者病理诊断分布 NDKD组中以IgA肾病为主,其次是乙肝相关性肾炎及膜性肾病。在DKD+NDKD组中DKD合并的肾脏病以良性小动脉性肾硬化为主,其次是肾小管间质疾病。见表1。
2.2 T2DM肾活检患者临床及实验室资料比较 3组患者性别、年龄、民族、饮酒史及BMI差异均无统计学意义,但对于年龄进行分层分析,发现NDKD组患者相对年轻化(P<0.05)。DKD组与DKD+NDKD组平均收缩压、吸烟人数、有糖尿病家族史人数及糖尿病病程均高于NDKD组(P<0.05),糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)、其他DM并发症、高血压、血肌酐升高以及肾综范围蛋白尿发生率均高于NDKD组(P<0.05),肾小球源性血尿发生率低于NDKD组(P<0.05)。DKD组肾病综合征的发生率较其他2组高(P<0.05)。3组患者总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、尿酸及糖化血红蛋白比较差异无统计学意义。DKD组与DKD+NDKD组中24 h尿蛋白定量、血肌酐、尿素氮均明显高于NDKD组(P<0.05),血红蛋白较NDKD组比较偏低(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 DKD与NDKD鉴别的预测因素 利用多元Logistic回归分析(向前逐步法)筛选DKD组与NDKD组鉴别的预测因素,列举了OR值最高的5种预测因素。分别为无DR、DM病程<6年、血红蛋白≥120 g/L、肾小球源性血尿、未达到肾综范围蛋白尿。其中无DR具有最高的预测意义(OR,14.902;95%CI,5.989~37.070)。见表3。
在世界不同地区,CKD各个阶段的患病率在7%~12%之间[26]。尽管如此,治疗CKD的选择相对较少,延缓CKD进展或肾纤维化的基础的治疗方法是基于肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)的阻滞以及血压和血糖控制[27]。这些干预措施不能阻止疾病进展为ESRD。而中医药已在临床中得到广泛应用,并被确立为治疗CKD的有效疗法[28]。中成药是在中医理论指导下有严格组方依据且经过特殊工艺炮制后一种使用便捷、安全的制剂,在我国CKD患者中使用非常广泛。本研究发现中成药的使用非常普遍,DKD组96.9%、DKD+NDKD组95.3%、NDKD组89.8%。黄葵胶囊是患者最常用的中成药,但3组之间差异无统计学意义,其次为虫草类制剂,海昆肾喜胶囊及尿毒清颗粒。3组患者中成药的联用较单用更为常见,在NDKD患者中单用中成药比例高于其他2组,联用4种及以上中成药比例低于其他2组(P<0.001)。另外,随着CKD进展各种中成药使用比例有所变化。这与各类中成药具体功效不同有关,有研究证实黄葵胶囊在降低蛋白尿方面具有明确疗效[29],虫草类制剂以及海昆肾喜胶囊对于保护肾功能及改善蛋白尿水平上较单纯使用RAS阻滞剂均有优效性[30-32],尿毒清颗粒则能够降低CKD患者的血肌酐及尿素氮水平[33]。这一结论与近期一项Meta分析基本一致[34],该研究提出海昆肾喜胶囊、尿毒清颗粒及虫草制剂在改善血肌酐、尿素氮、内生肌酐清除率方面有较好疗效,黄葵胶囊、虫草制剂、海昆肾喜胶囊对于降低24 h尿蛋白定量效果较好。
总之,本研究提示临床表现非典型的T2DM患者应及时进行肾活检明确诊断,中成药在T2DM合并CKD患者中使用广泛,随着CKD进展,不同中成药使用比例有变化。但仍需要对T2DM合并CKD患者临床特征及使用中成药情况进行大样本的收集与研究,构建NDKD临床预测模型,探求各类中成药对于患者的预后影响。
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(2020-08-01收稿 责任编辑:王明)