市场入侵下存在品牌差异化的供应链权力结构模型
2020-09-09金亮,温焜
金 亮,温 焜
市场入侵下存在品牌差异化的供应链权力结构模型
金 亮1,2,温 焜3
(1.南昌大学 中国中部经济社会发展研究中心,江西 南昌 330031;2.南昌大学 经济管理学院,江西 南昌 330031;3.江西行政学院,江西 南昌 330031)
针对由一个在位制造商、一个进入制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链,考虑两个竞争性制造商分别生产一种存在品牌差异化的替代产品,通过共同的零售商销往市场;分别构建由各个制造商主导、零售商主导以及供应双方均势等三种权力结构下的供应链博弈模型,并得到唯一子博弈精炼纳什均衡,进而分析市场入侵、品牌差异化、权力结构等因素对供应链均衡的影响。研究结果表明,供应双方不平衡的权力结构总是会造成供应链系统利润损失,并导致收益在供应链成员企业间的重新分配;在不同情形下,进入制造商的市场入侵(或市场入侵威胁)会促使在位制造商实施低价策略,在位制造商获得的利润减少;市场竞争总是能够有效提升零售商和供应链系统的利润水平,且处于主导地位的供应链成员总是能够获得更多利润。
市场入侵;品牌差异化;权力结构;定价
0 引言
近年来,随着市场体系的逐步完善,许多行业的市场进入壁垒大大降低,市场竞争加剧[1]。例如,在手机制造业中,大量的新品牌手机制造企业(如小米、一加、锤子等手机品牌)进入市场,价格竞争越来越激烈[2]。在此背景下,应对品牌差异化竞争企业的市场入侵成为市场在位企业面临和需要应对的新问题。与此同时,也不难发现,当上游各个品牌制造商通过下游零售商将产品销往市场时,供应链上、下游企业往往会因拥有的资源或者市场地位不同而存在不同权力结构。并且,供应链成员企业均以各自利润最大化为目标,不合理的权力结构可能会导致供应链系统及其各个成员企业绩效的损失。基于此,品牌差异化竞争企业的市场入侵会对在位企业定价策略产生什么影响?不同企业之间的品牌差异化程度如何影响供应链成员企业的定价策略和利润?不同权力结构对品牌差异化竞争企业的市场入侵和定价策略又会造成何种影响?这一系列问题都亟待研究和解决。
近十年来,市场入侵问题得到国内外学者的广泛关注。已有关于市场入侵的文献主要聚焦于企业是否应该进入市场及其对供应链均衡的影响,Cao等[3]认为市场进入制造商的市场入侵并不一定会导致在位制造商的利润损失,当消费者对进入制造商产品的认同价值较低时,市场入侵反而能够使在位制造商获得更多的利润;Zhou等[4]针对由一个在位供应商、一个市场进入供应商和一个强势零售商组成的供应链,研究了进入供应商在入侵市场时与强势零售商的合作策略;Pazgal等[5]研究了市场进入企业的最优选址问题,并考察了进入企业市场入侵对在位企业最优定价决策和利润的影响;张新鑫等[6]通过建立在位企业、市场进入企业与策略消费者之间的两阶段动态博弈模型,研究了在位企业与进入企业的差异化产品价格竞争问题,以及策略消费者对供应链成员企业最优决策和利润的影响;GAO等[7,8]考虑了市场进入企业可以通过模仿在位企业生产的原始产品入侵市场,研究了进入企业的最优市场入侵策略。上述文献研究的均为市场竞争情形,文献[9-11]则针对由一个制造商和一个零售商组成“一对一”型供应链,研究了零售商自有品牌产品市场入侵对制造商和供应链系统利润的影响。此外,还有一些文献研究了供应链成员的渠道入侵问题,并考察了渠道入侵对供应链成员最优决策和利润的影响,如Chiang等[12],Xia等[13],Li等[14,15]。在上述关于市场入侵的文献中,研究自有品牌产品入侵和渠道入侵的文献多以“一对一”型供应链为研究对象,仅文献[3-8]考虑了在位企业与进入企业存在市场竞争的情形,但文献[5-8]研究对象并不是供应链,而文献[3-4]尽管是供应链,但其研究的是市场进入企业入侵模式选择问题。相对已有研究,本文的创新之处主要体现为:针对品牌差异化竞争制造商市场入侵问题,考虑供应链中可能存在的三种不同权力结构,构建市场入侵下存在品牌差异化的供应链权力结构模型,研究市场入侵、品牌差异化、不同权力结构等因素对供应链均衡的影响,以期为品牌差异化竞争企业进入市场提供理论和方法指导。
另一个本文涉及的主题是有关供应链权力结构的研究,已有相关研究主要聚焦于不同权力结构对供应链成员最优决策和利润的影响。例如,Xue等[16]比较分析了制造商主导、零售商主导以及双方均势等三种权力结构对消费者剩余和供应双方利润的影响;王玉燕和申亮[17]研究了不同权力结构对闭环供应链均衡的影响;Luo等[18]考虑单个制造商同时销售新、旧两种产品,研究了不同权力结构对供应链成员最优定价决策和利润的影响;周茂森等[19]针对由一个集团采购组织和两个制造商组成集团采购供应链,构建了由集团采购组织主导、各个制造商主导等两种权力结构模型,研究了权力结构、产品差异化等因素对供应链均衡的影响;Bian等[20]针对供应链中的服务外包问题,研究了不同权力结构对产品定价与服务水平决策的影响;Dennis等[21]针对由一个制造商、一个传统零售商和一个线上零售商组成的双渠道供应链,结合代发货模式研究了不同供应链权力结构对制造商渠道选择的影响。上述有关供应链权力结构的文献研究的均为供应链上游完全垄断情形,并未考虑品牌差异化竞争、市场入侵等影响因素。此外,尽管有部分文献考虑了不同产品间的差异化竞争问题,如Choi[22]和Chen等[23]研究了不同权力结构对两个差异化竞争制造商或供应商最优定价决策和利润的影响;Luo等[24]和Fang等[25]均以由两个竞争性制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链为研究对象,研究了不同权力结构对供应链均衡的影响。然而,此类文献并未结合品牌差异化制造商市场入侵因素来研究竞争情形下的供应链权力结构问题。
鉴于此,本文针对由一个在位制造商、一个进入制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链系统,考虑两个制造商各自生产一种存在品牌差异化的替代产品,并通过一个共同的零售商销往市场。基于各个制造商批发价格的决策权以及零售商产品零售价格的决策权,构建在品牌差异化竞争制造商市场入侵下,分别由各个制造商主导、零售商主导和双方均势等三种供应链权力结构模型。进而通过对所得均衡结果的比较,分析市场入侵对在位制造商和零售商最优定价策略和利润的影响,考察市场入侵下不同权力结构、品牌差异化等因素对供应链成员企业最优定价决策和利润的影响。
1 问题描述
图1 供应链结构示意图
Figure 1 Supply chain system
表1 产品()的需求
本文考虑制造商主导、零售商主导和供应双方均势等三种供应链权力结构。在制造商主导结构(M结构)下,考虑各个制造商拥有资源优势等原因,各个制造商在供应链定价决策中的处于领导地位,为Stackelberg博弈的领导者;在零售商主导结构(R结构)下,考虑零售商因长期市场经营,或掌握销售渠道等原因,零售商在供应链定价决策中的处于领导地位,为Stackelberg博弈的领导者;在双方均势(N结构)下,各个制造商与零售商具有同等的定价领导权。
2 不存在市场入侵的基准模型(B)
定理1在不存在市场入侵情形下,可求得三种权力结构下的供应链均衡,如表2所示。
表2 不存在市场入侵下的供应链均衡
证明:在M结构下,采用逆向归纳法来进行求解,并分为两个步骤。
命题1在进入制造商入侵市场前,不同权力结构下的供应链均衡之间存在如下关系:
证明:根据表2,比较三种权力结构下的供应链均衡,可以得到:
命题1表明,供应链权力结构会影响在位制造商和零售商的最优定价决策,而供应双方不平衡的权力结构还会导致在位制造商与零售商之间不平等的利润分配。具体分析,在M(R)结构下,在位制造商(零售商)总是会利用其拥有的供应链主导权来实施高价策略,此时处于主导地位的供应链成员也总是能够得到更多利润,即在M(R)结构下,制造商(零售商)获得的利润总是更高,而在N结构下,供应双方将平分整个供应链的利润。另外,不平衡权力结构(M结构和R结构)下的供应链系统利润总是小于平衡权力结构(N结构)下的值。该命题也表明,拥有主导权的供应链成员总是能够占有更多的利润份额,但由于双重边际效应,不平衡的权力结构也会导致供应链系统利润的损失。
3 市场入侵下的供应链均衡分析
3.1 不同权力结构下的供应链均衡
式中,
式中,
采用逆向归纳法,分别求解上述三种供应链权力结构下的优化问题。为简化表达,先给出定义:
证明:在M结构下,分为以下两个步骤进行求解。
表3 市场入侵下的供应链均衡
步骤2:依据表1,分为以下三种情形求解各个制造商的最优批发价格决策。
求解R结构下的供应链均衡。
步骤2:依据表1,分为以下三种情形求解零售商的最优零售价格决策。
求解N结构下的供应链均衡。
步骤2:依据表1,分为以下三种情形求解零售商的最优零售价格决策。
3.2 市场进入对在位制造商和零售商的影响
本节将通过比较在位制造商和零售商的最优定价决策及利润,分析进入制造商市场入侵对在位制造商和零售商的影响,如表4所示。
表4 ()结构下市场进入的影响
图2 随变化曲线
图3 随变化曲线
图4 随变化曲线
命题4在不同权力结构下,比较供应双方的利润,可以得到:
4 不同权力结构下的均衡比较分析
4.1 决策比较分析
依据表3,比较不同权力结构下的最优产品零售价格和批发价格,得到如下命题。
命题5比较不同权力结构下零售商和各个制造商的最优定价决策,可以得到:
同理,在N结构下,直接比较易得,略。
4.2 绩效比较分析
比较不同权力结构下的零售商、各个制造商以及供应链系统利润,得到命题7、命题8。
命题7比较不同权力结构下的供应双方和供应链系统的利润,可以得到:
命题8在寡头垄断市场结构下,比较在位制造商与进入制造商的利润,可以得到:
图5 消费者购买行为
Figure 5 Consumer purchasing behaviors
5 算例分析
图6 零售商的利润
Figure 6 The profit of retailer
图7 在位制造商的利润
Figure 7 The profit of inside manufacturer
图8 进入制造商的利润
Figure 8 The profit of entrant manufacturer
6 结论
本文研究了由一个在位制造商、一个进入制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链,在进入制造商市场入侵前后,分别构建了各个制造商主导、零售商主导和供应双方均势等三种权力结构下的供应链权力结构模型。通过模型求解,得到了六种情形下的唯一子博弈精炼纳什均衡,进而考察了市场入侵、权力结构以及品牌差异化等因素对供应链均衡的影响。主要研究结论和启示如下:
(1)无论是否存在市场入侵,供应双方不平衡的权力结构总是会造成供应链系统利润的损失,并导致利润在供应链成员之间的重新分配。当不存在市场入侵时,处于主导地位的供应链成员总是能够获得更多利润;当进入制造商入侵市场并与在位制造商形成寡头垄断市场结构时,在位制造商与进入制造商价格竞争加剧,在零售商主导权结构和供应双方均势结构下,零售商总是能够占有更多的供应链利润份额;而在制造商主导权结构下,当两个制造商的品牌差异化程度低于某一阈值时,零售商仍然能够获得更多的利润。
(2)在不同权力结构下,进入制造商的市场入侵(威胁)会导致在位制造商产品的批发价格和零售价格均降低,价格竞争加剧,但总是会高于进入制造商产品的批发价格和零售价格;在进入制造商市场入侵下,市场竞争总是能够有效提高零售商和供应链系统的利润水平,但却也总会给在位制造商造成利润损失;不平衡的供应链权力结构总是会加剧市场入侵对零售商、在位制造商以及供应链系统利润的影响。
(3)不平衡的供应链权力结构和市场结构(即完全垄断和寡头垄断市场结构)均会对供应链成员的最优定价策略产生影响,而且拥有主导权的供应链成员总是会设置更高的价格;在不同的市场结构下,处于主导地位的供应链成员总是能够获得更多利润,不平衡的权力结构总是会造成供应链系统利润损失;在寡头垄断市场结构下,当各个制造商未处于主导地位时,平衡的权力结构并不一定对制造商有利,且在位制造商与进入制造商之间的利润大小也存在不确定性,这都取决于消费者对进入制造商品牌的认同价值。
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Power structure model with brand differentiation under market encroachment
JIN Liang1,2, WEN Kun3
(1. Research Center of the Central China for Economic and Social Development, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031; 2. School of Economics and Management, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031; 3. Jiangxi Administrative Institute, Nanchang 330031)
With the development of technology and the improvement of the market system, barriers to entry for many industries have been greatly reduced. In this context, responding to market encroachment by differentiated competitors has become a new problem for the supply chain. However, upstream and downstream companies in the supply chain often have different power structures due to differences in resources or market positions. Unreasonable power structures can easily lead to imbalances in decision-making incentives and supply chain performance losses. This paper studies a supply chain consisting of an inside manufacturer, a new entrant manufacturer, and a retailer. The two manufacturers compete by producing alternative products with brand differentiation that are then sold to the market through the retailer.
Given differences in power structure in the supply chain, and considering the impact of market encroachment and brand differentiation, this paper establishes three types of power structure models for the supply chains: one is dominated by the manufacturers; another is dominated by the retailer; and the last one is balanced between the two parties. Through solving these models, the optimal pricing decision, product demand, and profit of both sides of the supply chain when the power structures reach equilibrium are obtained. Based on this, the impact of environmental parameters such as market encroachment, power structure, and brand differentiation on the optimal pricing decision and profit of member companies in the supply chain is analyzed, and numerical examples are used to visually examine them.
The results of this research show that, when entering the manufacturer's market without encroachment, in a supply chain system consisting of an inside manufacturer and retailer, different power structures will affect the optimal pricing decision; the member who is in the dominant position in the supply chain will always implement high-price strategies, and imbalanced power structures will also lead to loss of profits along the supply chain. After a manufacturer enters the market, three different sets of equilibrium solutions can be obtained according to the degree of brand differentiation of the two products; and when retailers sell brand-differentiated products produced simultaneously by both the inside and new entrant manufacturers, under different power structures the wholesale price of high-end brand products set by the inside manufacturer is always higher. Higher wholesale prices also lead to a smaller retail pricing range, which in turn leaves room for high-end brand name manufacturers to charge higher wholesale prices.
This paper also examines the impact of market encroachment on the optimal pricing decision and profit of inside manufacturers and retailers. When a manufacturer enters the market, market encroachment (or threat of market encroachment) will always prompt the inside manufacturer to implement a low-cost strategy and reduce the wholesale price of high-end brand products, which will also result in lower retail prices for these products. The new entrant manufacturer, by invading the market, will reduce the profits of the inside manufacturer, but at this time market competition can also effectively improve the profits of retailers and supply chain systems.
Finally, the supply chain equilibrium under the three power structures is compared and analyzed. The imbalanced power structure of the supply chain will always cause a loss of profit within the supply chain system, resulting in a redistribution of revenue among its member companies; the dominant member companies in the supply chain will always set higher prices, such that greater profits can be obtained, and the profits of inside manufacturers and new entrant manufacturers will then depend on consumers' recognition of the new entrant's brand.
In summary, this paper uses a game model to study the power structure of supply chains with brand differentiation under circumstances of market encroachment, which can provide theoretical and methodological guidance for brand-differentiated competitors who desire to enter the market.
Market encroachment; Brand differentiation; Power structure; Pricing
2017-12-23
2018-06-25
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71771139)
C93
A
1004-6062(2020)04-0068-011
10.13587/j.cnki.jieem.2020.04.008
2017-12-23
2018-06-25
国家自然科学基金资助项目(71771139)
金亮(1989—),男,江西奉新人;南昌大学经济管理学院讲师,博士;研究方向:决策科学与全渠道运营。
中文编辑:杜 健;英文编辑:Boping Yan