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硬质胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石的临床研究

2020-07-23彭观景陈博艺李称才何涛李荣

中国医学创新 2020年16期
关键词:胆道镜腹腔镜

彭观景 陈博艺 李称才 何涛 李荣

【摘要】 目的:探討硬质胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石的临床疗效及应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2016年8月-2019年5月本院采用硬质胆道镜手术治疗120例肝胆管结石患者的临床资料,其中胆总管切开取石术80例(包括传统开腹组40例和腹腔镜组40例),经皮肝胆道造瘘硬质胆道镜取石术组(percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy,PTCS)40例,比较不同术式结石清除时间、结石清除率及并发症等指标。结果:胆总管切开取石术传统开腹组和腹腔镜组在术中出血量、术后住院时间和结石清除率方面比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中传统开腹组术中出血量明显比腹腔镜组多,术后住院时间较腹腔镜组长,结石清除率较腹腔镜组低;而手术时间及并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术后经T管瘘道取石共23例,经T管瘘道取石组与PTCS组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、结石清除率及并发症发生率方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:传统开腹手术比较适合治疗复杂性肝胆管结石,结石清除率较腹腔镜手术组低,与传统开腹手术组结石分布相对比较复杂有关,腹腔镜手术虽创伤少,但操作难度较大,耗时较长。另外,硬质胆道镜可经PTCD瘘道和T管瘘道进入肝内多数胆管或胆总管进行取石,两者疗效无明显差异,值得推广用于结石嵌顿或铸型、胆管狭窄等纤维胆道镜无法处理的较复杂肝胆管结石治疗,对于多次手术或肝功受限或肝内梗阻性重症胆管炎患者比较适合PTCS治疗。

【关键词】 胆道镜 腹腔镜 PTCS 肝胆管结石

[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy and application value of rigid choledochoscopy in the treatment of hepatolithiasis. Method: The clinical data of 120 patients with hepatolithiasis treated by rigid choledochoscopy in the Central Peoples Hospital of Zhanjiang City from August 2016 to May 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 80 patients underwent choledochotomy (including 40 cases in the traditional open group and 40 cases in the laparoscopic group) and 40 patients underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangiostomy (PTCS) with rigid choledochoscopy. Calculus clearance time, stone clearance rate and complications of patients were measured. Result: There were significant differences in bleeding volume, hospital stay and stone removal rate between the traditional open group and laparoscopic group (P<0.05). The amount of intraoperative blood loss in the traditional laparotomy group was significantly higher than that in the laparoscopic group, the length of postoperative hospital stay was longer than that in the laparoscopic group, and the calculi clearance rate was lower than that in the laparoscopic group. However, there were no statistical differences in the operative time and the incidence of complications (P>0.05). A total of 23 cases were removed by T-tube fistula after operation in the two groups. There were no significant differences in operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, calculus clearance rate and complication rate between the T-tube fistula extraction group and the PTCS group (P>0.05).Conclusion: Traditional open abdominal surgery is more suitable for the treatment of complicated hepatic bile duct stones. The clearance rate of stones in the traditional open abdominal group is lower than that of laparoscopic surgery group. The reason is that the distribution of stones in traditional open abdominal surgery is relatively complex. Although laparoscopic surgery is less traumatic, it is more difficult to operate and takes longer. In addition, rigid choledochoscope can be used to remove stones through PTCD fistula and T-duct fistula into most bile ducts or bile ducts in the liver. There is no significant difference in the efficacy of the two groups. So we can use the method in the treatment of complex bile duct stones that can not be treated by the fibrous bile duct mirrors such as stone incarceration or casting, bile duct stricture and so on. It is more suitable to be treated for the patients with multiple biliary surgery, hepatic injury, severe intrahepatic obstructive cholangitis by PTCS.

3 讨论

对于肝胆管结石病的外科治疗,须遵循“取净结石、去除病灶、解除狭窄、通畅引流”的基本原则[1,8]。目前常规采取的手术方式是传统开腹(或腹腔镜下)胆管切开取石术和肝部分切除术,据相关文献[9]报道,肝部分切除患者结石复发率、胆管癌发生率及死亡率均低于非肝部分切除患者,因此肝部分切除必然为治疗肝胆管结石最有效、彻底的方法[10-12]。另外,不少研究显示,腹腔镜肝部分切除也是安全、有效的方法[13-14],与开腹手术有同样的效果,能在很大程度上体现微创优势[15-16],特别对复杂病重、年老体弱者应先解除胆道梗阻,不强求一次性取净,留置T管二期再经瘘道取石。

本研究40例传统开腹手术肝胆管结石患者中多数为高位复杂性肝胆管结石,虽结石清除率仅47.5%,但研究结果表明:对较复杂的肝胆管结石,虽然传统开腹手术出血量较多,创伤较大,但结石清除较彻底,而结石清除率不高往往与结石位置较高、数量较多、嵌塞或巨大、胆道狭窄等因素致结石难以取净有关。然而,对于不能耐受手术或有多次腹部手术史、腹腔粘连严重而再次手术风险极大者,传统开腹手术已逐渐退出首选方法。

腹腔镜手术治疗肝内胆管结石,由于受限于器械、角度等因素,临床中实际取石成功率一般低于开腹手术,但本研究40例腹腔镜手术肝胆管结石患者结石清除率80.00%,其中中转开腹(小切口)15例,发生率37.5%,其结果表明:腹腔镜手术创伤虽少,但操作难度较大,耗时较长,中转开腹率(小切口)亦较高,结石清除率较传统开腹组高,应与传统开腹组结石分布相对比较复杂、手术难度较大有关。有研究表明,内镜技术的不断发展和成熟让其在治疗效果上不输于传统开腹或腹腔镜手术,并展现出突出的优势,特别对不具备手术和ERCP条件或适应证患者,可首选PTCS[1,17]。本研究中,PTCS组结石清除率为70%,并发症发生率5%,并显示手术时间较短,手术出血量较少,较传统开腹及腹腔镜组有一定优势,究其原因主要为经皮经肝硬质胆道镜下直接碎石和取石方便快捷,且兼具微创和保留肝实质的优点,尤其适用于多次手术、肝功受限或肝内梗阻性重症胆管炎患者[18]。本研究PTCS组并发胆道出血1例,膈下积液1例,可能为经皮肝胆道造瘘硬质胆道镜取石操作不够谨慎及熟练程度不够所致,因此,严格掌握手术适应证、科学选择术式及轻柔谨慎操作在治疗过程中尤其关键。

虽然硬质胆道镜操作空间较小,有一定局限性,但较之纤维胆道镜,其主要优点为使用硬质胆道镜取石方便快捷,且安全、有效,特别配合钬激光碎石效果更好。另外,硬质胆道镜可进入大多数扩张的Ⅲ~Ⅳ级肝内胆管,一般情况下,肝外胆管残石均能取出,肝内胆管残石大多能取净[7]。不足的是,硬质胆道镜不像纤维胆道镜能弯曲,对小部分胆管存在一定盲区,可酌情联合纤维胆道镜或配合碎石器械处理不妨为有效的治疗方法。

综上所述,随着腔镜器械的不断发展及技术的日益成熟,硬质胆道镜更易解决如嵌顿、铸型结石或胆管狭窄等纤维胆道镜往往无法处理的一些问题,尤其配合钬激光等碎石器械对治疗较复杂的肝胆管结石具有其特有的优势和可行性,值得临床探讨和应用。

参考文献

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(收稿日期:2020-04-14) (本文编辑:周亚杰)

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