分期杂交全弓置换在急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的围术期及早期随访结果
2020-07-01屈云飞张俭荣
屈云飞 张俭荣
【摘要】 目的 分析分期雜交全弓置换在急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的围术期及早期随访结果。方法 31例急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者, 均行分期杂交全弓置换手术。观察患者开放手术术中及术后情况, 胸主动脉支架植入术后情况。结果 31例患者中, 无住院死亡患者, 体外循环时间(201.0±36.2)min, 阻断时间(112.0±24.6)min, 1例(3.2%)患者深低温停循环6 min。17例(54.8%)患者术前主动脉瓣重度返流, 遂行带主动脉瓣人工血管升主动脉替换术(Bentall)+头臂血管去分支;3例(9.7%)患者仅行升主动脉置换+降主动脉腔内支架植入术;其余11例(35.5%)患者行主动脉窦成形+升主动脉置换+头臂血管去分支, 其中1例患者未重建左锁骨动脉。1例(3.2%)患者术后发生截瘫, 2例(6.5%)患者肾功能不全, 无需要透析病例。2例(6.5%)患者急诊行主动脉造影+胸主动脉支架植入术。支架远端假腔血栓化率为90.3%, 无内漏等支架相关并发症。结论 分期杂交全弓置换手术是急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的一种安全、可靠的治疗方法, 且可以避免深低温停循环和体外循环时间过长所带来的风险。
【关键词】 杂交全弓置换;Stanford A型主动脉夹层;分期杂交
DOI:10.14163/j.cnki.11-5547/r.2020.15.009
Perioperative and early follow-up results of staging hybrid total arch replacement for acute Stanford A aortic dissection QU Yun-fei, ZHANG Jian-rong. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404000, China
【Abstract】 Objective To analyze the perioperative and early follow-up results of staged hybrid total arch replacement for acute Stanford A aortic dissection. Methods 31 acute Stanford type A aortic dissection patients underwent staged hybrid total arch replacement. The conditions of patients during and after open surgery, and the condition of patients after thoracic aortic stent implantation were observed. Results Among the 31 patients, no cases died in hospital, the extracorporeal circulation time was (201.0±36.2) min, the blocking time was (112.0±24.6) min, and 1 patient (3.2%) had deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for 6 min. 17 patients (54.8%) had severe regurgitation of the aortic valve before operation, and then performed Bentall operation and debranching of the brachiocephalic vessel. 3 patients (9.7%) only received ascending aortic replacement and descending aortic stent implantation. The remaining 11 patients (35.5%) underwent aortic sinus angioplasty, ascending aortic replacement and brachiocephalic vessel debranching, and 1 patient did not rebuild the left clavicle artery. 1 patient (3.2%) had paraplegia after operation, and 2 patients (6.5%) had renal insufficiency and no patients need dialysis. 1 patient (3.2%) had transient consciousness disturbance, and 2 patients (6.5%) underwent emergency aortic angiography and thoracic aortic stent implantation. The thrombosis rate of the false cavity in the distal end of the stent was 90.3%, and there were no stent-related complications such as endoleak. Conclusion Staged hybrid total arch replacement is a safe and reliable method for acute Stanford A aortic dissection, which can avoid the risk of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and prolonged extracorporeal circulation time.
【Key words】 Hybrid total arch replacement; Stanford A aortic dissection; Staged hybrid
急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层是一种危及生命的外科急症, 需要急诊手术。这对于绝大多数的心血管外科医生来说是一个巨大的挑战。目前急诊手术是治疗的主要手段, 但是医院死亡率仍然在15%~30% [1, 2]之间。目前我国急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层传统的外科手术方法是孙氏手术[3, 4]。然而, 孙氏手术技术复杂, 需要深低温停循环, 体外循环时间较长, 具有较高的神经并发症和死亡率。作者采用分期杂交全弓置换手术[5, 6]来治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层, 现将其总结如下。
1 资料与方法
1. 1 一般资料 选取2017年10月~2019年10月在本院接受分期杂交全弓置换手术治疗的急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者31例。分期杂交全弓置换手术治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层得到本院伦理委员会批准, 签署知情同意书。排除标准:术前存在心脏骤停或有严重的神经损害的A型夹层患者。术前患者一般资料见表1。
1. 2 手术方法 均采用顺行+逆行灌注停搏液方式保护心脏。术前心脏彩超主动脉返流为轻-中度时, 采用保留主動脉瓣, “三明治”方法修复主动脉窦部并与升主动脉近端吻合。术前心脏彩超主动脉返流为重度时, 或者主动脉窦部严重撕裂, 则行Bentall。循环稳定后停体外循环, 彻底止血, 关胸, 回监护室治疗, 待二期行胸主动脉支架植入术(目前本院暂无杂交手术室, 因此无法一期完成支架植入术)。在开放手术后7 d将患者送入介入室。在全身麻醉下, 行主动脉造影+胸主动脉支架植入术(见图1)。
1. 3 CT评估 开放手术后如果患者出现脊椎、内脏或下肢缺血等情况, 立即急诊CT检查, 并行胸主动脉腔内修复术(TEVAR)治疗。所有患者出院前行全程主动脉CT血管造影(CTA)检查(见图2), 术后第3、6个月后复查CT, 手术>1年的患者, 每年复查1次CT。
1. 4 随访 随访时间3~20个月, 平均随访时间(15.0±5.0)个月。所有患者定期门诊复查。随访完整率为100.0%。
1. 5 观察指标 观察患者开放手术术中及术后情况, 胸主动脉支架植入术后情况。
2 结果
2. 1 开放手术术中及术后情况分析 开放手术阶段尽量采取窦部成型, 保留主动脉瓣的手术, 17例(54.8%)患者术前主动脉瓣重度返流, 主动脉窦部成型后仍然主动脉瓣返流量在中-重度, 遂行Bentall术+头臂血管去分支。3例(9.7%)患者升主动脉及锁骨下主动脉远端的降主动脉为夹层, 而主动脉弓及头臂血管正常, 仅行升主动脉置换+降主动脉腔内支架植入术。其余11例(35.5%)患者行主动脉窦成形+升主动脉置换+头臂血管去分支, 其中1例患者未重建左锁骨动脉。见表2。
2. 2 胸主动脉支架植入术后情况分析 开放手术后
7 d在全身麻醉下行主动脉造影+胸主动脉支架植入术, 其中2例患者因为第一阶段手术后2 d出现腹痛, 遂急诊行主动脉造影+胸主动脉支架植入术, 术后腹疼明显缓解, 其余患者二期择期行胸主动脉支架植入术。见表3。
3 讨论
对于杂交全弓手术的决策, 确定升主动脉人工血管和血管内支架的尺寸是至关重要的[6]。尽量做窦部成型, 保留主动脉瓣的手术, 避免后期抗凝并发症及二期胸主动脉支架植入术支架更方便的释放。本研究中有17例患者术前主动脉瓣重度返流, 主动脉窦部成型后仍然主动脉瓣返流量在中-重度, 遂行Bentall术+
头臂血管去分支。其余患者行主动脉窦成形+升主动脉置换+头臂血管去分支升主;为了保证支架近端有足够长的锚定区, 带4分支人工血管近端应尽可能短(0.5 cm以内), 以能在窦管交接上方吻合即可, 人工血管近端应尽长, 至少2 cm, 以便为远端支架提供足够锚定区, 防止术后近端内漏发生。支架的大小由近端升主动脉人工血管的尺寸及远端夹层真腔的大小决定, 近端一般放大5%左右, 夹层远端选择与支架真腔直径相等的支架, 从而减少围手术期夹层破裂的风险增加。
总之, 分期杂交全弓置换非常适合在没有杂交手术室、独立开展急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层治疗病例数不多的医学中心开展。但本研究是回顾性研究, 样本量小, 随访时间相对较短, 长期结果有待更长时间的随访和观察。
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[收稿日期:2020-03-26]