单羧酸转运蛋白4在结直肠癌中的表达及临床意义
2020-06-27孟涛张杨梅张有为王翔焦南林
孟涛 张杨梅 张有为 王翔 焦南林
[摘要] 目的 探討单羧酸转运蛋白(MCTs)在结直肠癌(CRC)中的表达及临床意义。 方法 GEPIA2在线工具分析MCT1~4在CRC组织的表达及临床意义。选择江苏省徐州市中心医院2019年CRC组织标本存档蜡块53例,免疫组化检测MCT4蛋白的表达,正电子发射计算机断层成像(PET/CT)结果由患者术前检查获得。 结果 癌症和肿瘤基因图谱(TCGA)数据库中,仅有MCT4 mRNA在结肠腺癌(COAD)组织(275例)和直肠腺癌(READ)组织(92例)中的表达显著高于正常组织,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。MCT4高表达与CRC患者较差的无病生存期(DFS)有关(P < 0.05)。此外,MCT4蛋白表达在CRC组织明显高于正常组织,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。对于MCT4高表达患者,PET/CT检查的18氟脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)的标准化摄取值(SUV)高于MCT4低表达患者,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。 结论 MCT4在CRC发生发展中具有重要作用,可望成为新的治疗靶点。
[关键词] 结直肠癌;单羧酸转运蛋白4;预后;免疫组化;正电子发射计算机断层显像
[中图分类号] R735.37 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)05(c)-0008-05
The expression and the clinical significance of monocarboxylate transporter 4 in colorectal cancer
MENG Tao1 ZHANG Yangmei2 ZHANG Youwei2 WANG Xiang2 JIAO Nanlin3
1.Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221009, China; 2.Department of Medical Oncology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221009, China; 3.Department of Pathology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Anhui Province, Wuhu 241001, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the expression and the clinical significance of monocarboxylic acid transporters (MCTs) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods The expression status and clinical significance of MCT1-4 in CRC tissues were analyzed online by GEPIA2 database. Fifty-three cases of CRC tissue specimen wax blocks of Xuzhou Central Hospital in 2019 were selected, and the expression of MCT4 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results of positron emission computed tomography (PET/CT) were obtained from the patients before operation. Results In the cancer genome atlas project (TCGA) database, only the expression of MCT4 mRNA in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) tissues (275 cases) and rectal adenocarcinoma (READ) tissues (92 cases) were significantly higher than that in normal tissues, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). High expression of MCT4 was associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with CRC (P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of MCT4 protein in CRC tissue was significantly higher than that in normal tissue, and the difference was highly statistically significant (P < 0.01). For patients with high expression of MCT4, the standardized uptake value (SUV) of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) on PET/CT was higher than that of low expression of MCT4, and the difference was highly statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion MCT4 plays an important role in the development of CRC and is expected to become a new therapeutic target.
[Key words] Colorectal cancer; Monocarboxylic acid transporter 4; Prognosis; Immunohistochemistry; Positron emission tomography
结直肠癌(CRC)是世界范围内最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,每年新发病例约100万例[1]。近年来,我国CRC发病率仍居高不下,防控形势严峻[2],必须进一步明确CRC发病机制。单羧酸转运蛋白(MCTs)是哺乳动物细胞膜上广泛分布的一类跨膜转运蛋白,主要作用是参与调控乳酸、丙酮酸、丁酸、脂肪酸等单羧酸类物质的跨膜转运,从而维持内环境及pH值稳定,促进肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移[3-4]。MCTs家族包括14名成员,仅MCT1~4参与H+偶联的单羧酸转运[5]。本研究对MCT1~4在CRC中的表达进行分析。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
53例原发性CRC组织标本及其癌周正常组织(>3 cm)来自江苏省徐州市中心医院2019年存档蜡块,所有病例病理学诊断明确,术前均未接受放化疗。GEPIA数据中的肿瘤组织信息来源于癌症和肿瘤基因图谱(the Cancer Genome Atlas Project,TCGA)数据库,正常组织来源于TCGA数据库和基因型-组织表达(the Genotype-Tissue Expression project,GTEx)数据库。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会批准,所有患者均知情同意。
1.2 仪器与试剂
正电子发射计算机断层成像(PET/CT)仪器购自荷兰PHILIPS公司(Gemini GXL 16 Power型)。18-氟脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)药物购自南京江原安迪科公司。兔抗人MCT4多克隆抗体(批号:sc-50329)购自美国Santa Cruz公司,Envision免疫组化(IHC)检测试剂盒购自英国Dako公司(批号:GK500705)。
1.3 免疫组化(IHC)评分
调取蜡块,以4 μm厚切片,脱蜡水化,3%过氧化氢消除内源性過氧化物酶室温10 min,磷酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS)冲洗。高温高压抗原修复,PBS再冲洗,滴加一抗(1∶100稀释),4℃过夜。PBS冲洗后,二抗室温孵育30 min,PBS冲洗,DAB显色,流水冲洗10 min。苏木精复染,脱水、透明,中性树胶封片,光学显微镜观察。切片由2名资深病理诊断医师独立判读。MCT4阳性染色位于细胞膜和细胞浆,IHC评分根据染色强度和阳性细胞数来判定,评分标准参照文献[6]。
1.4 PET/CT检查
患者术前至少空腹6 h,检查前常规测血糖,血糖 < 6.60 mmol/L后,静脉推注18F-FDG,剂量为4.44 MBq/kg,推注药物后安静平卧60~70 min,检查前排空膀胱及大量饮水充盈胃腔。扫描包括平静呼吸下CT扫描和PET采集。PET扫描采用三维采集模式,采集床位数9~10个,每个床位采集时间为1.5~2.0 min。图像经衰减校正后重建,最终得到层厚为5 mm横断面、冠状面、矢状面的CT图像、PET图像及PET/CT融合图像。
1.5 统计学方法
采用SPSS 16.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析。MCTs表达及预后分析通过GEPIA在线工具完成(http://gepia2.cancer-pku.cn)。计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用配对t检验。计数资料以例数表示,采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 MCT1~4在CRC中的表达
仅有MCT4在结肠腺癌(COAD)组织(275例)和直肠腺癌(READ)组织(92例)中的表达高于正常组织,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。MCT1~3与正常组织比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见图1。
2.2 MCT4与CRC预后
利用GEPIA在线工具分析MCT4表达水平与CRC分期的关系,二者并无相关性。见图2A。进一步分析MCT4表达水平与预后的关系,MCT4高表达与CRC总生存期(OS)无关(P = 0.310),但与患者较差的无病生存期(DFS)有关(P = 0.029)。见图2B~C。
2.3 MCT4蛋白表达水平的验证
MCT4蛋白在CRC组织中(67.9%,36/53)为高表达(IHC评分≥3),而正常组织为43.4%(23/53)。根据IHC评分,CRC组织中MCT4蛋白表达明显高于正常组织,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见图3A~C。MCT4表达水平较高的患者(28例)PET/CT检查的18氟脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)的标准化摄取值(SUV)高于MCT4表达水平较低的患者(25例),差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见图3A~B、3D。MCT4蛋白高表达与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤位置、肿瘤大小、分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、临床分期等无关(P > 0.05)。见表1。
3 讨论
糖酵解是肿瘤细胞获取能量的主要方式,代谢产生大量的乳酸、丙酮酸等酸性产物在肿瘤微环境中不断累积,可反馈性地抑制糖酵解反应,并导致细胞内酸化,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖[7-8]。如果要保持糖酵解反应的顺利进行,必须将乳酸等代谢产物转运出细胞。因此,乳酸的跨细胞转运对于调控糖酵解反应十分重要[9]。MCTs家族通过转运乳酸、调节pH值,维持肿瘤细胞的高糖酵解表型和酸抵抗表型,与恶性肿瘤有密切联系。其中,以MCT1和MCT4研究最为充分[10-13]。MCT4对乳酸的亲和力较低,然而具有极高的生物运转效率,在肿瘤组织中乳酸的转出主要由MCT4来完成的[14]。为应对糖酵解产生的乳酸,MCT4在肿瘤细胞中表达显著上调[15]。值得注意的是,缺氧也可上调MCT4的表达,参与调节肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,与患者生存周期呈负相关[16-19]。如Martins等[20]研究显示,MCT1和MCT4在原发性CRC组织中明显升高,且与葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)表达相关。最新研究显示[21],62.1%(36/58)的右侧CRC患者和53.1%(95/179)的左侧CRC患者显示MCT4高表达,MCT4的表达是左侧CRC患者独立预后因素。
[14] Contreras-Baeza Y,Sandoval PY,Alarcón R,et al. Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) is a high affinity transporter capable of exporting lactate in high-lactate microenvironments [J]. J Biol Chem,2019,294(52):20135-20147.
[15] Choi SY,Xue H,Wu R,et al. The MCT4 Gene:A Novel,Potential Target for Therapy of Advanced Prostate Cancer [J]. Clin Cancer Res,2016,22(11):2721-2733.
[16] Chen HL,OuYang HY,Le Y,et al. Aberrant MCT4 and GLUT1 expression is correlated with early recurrence and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy [J]. Cancer Med,2018,7(11):5339-5350.
[17] Todenh?觟fer T,Seiler R,Stewart C,et al. Selective Inhibition of the Lactate Transporter MCT4 Reduces Growth of Invasive Bladder Cancer [J]. Mol Cancer Ther,2018,17(12):2746-2755.
[18] Pinheiro C,Longatto-Filho A,Scapulatempo C,et al. Increased expression of monocarboxylate transporters 1,2 and 4 in colorectal carcinomas [J]. Virchows Arch,2008, 452(2):139-146.
[19] Kim HK,Lee I,Bang H,et al. MCT4 Expression Is a Potential Therapeutic Target in Colorectal Cancer with Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [J]. Mol Cancer Ther,2018,17(4):838-848.
[20] Martins SF,Amorim R,Viana-Pereira M,et al. Significance of glycolytic metabolism-related protein expression in colorectal cancer,lymph node and hepatic metastasis [J]. BMC Cancer,2016,16:535.
[21] Abe Y,Nakayama Y,Katsuki T,et al. The prognostic significance of the expression of monocarboxylate transporter 4 in patients with right- or left-sided colorectal cancer [J]. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol,2019,15(2):e49-e55.
[22] 劉德峰,朱峰,王冠民,等.18F-FDG PET/CT对非小细胞肺癌患者临床分期的诊断价值及对治疗的指导作用[J].癌症进展,2018,16(15):1854-1860.
(收稿日期:2019-10-31 本文编辑:王晓晔)