耐热钢表面激光熔覆陶瓷工艺
2020-05-21刘立君王晓陆沈秀强宋袁曾
刘立君 王晓陆 沈秀强 宋袁曾
摘 要:耐热钢H13可用于制作飞机耐热400~500℃工作温度的结构零件,而在飞机有些特殊工作环境下要求其零件表面同时具有耐磨性,因此针对耐热钢在特殊服役环境中磨损失效问题,利用小功率Nd:YAG激光器在H13钢表面熔覆SiC陶瓷颗粒,通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析仪研究不同工艺参数条件下熔覆层显的宏观形貌和微观组织结构。结果表明:熔覆试样横截面出现明显的分层现象(熔覆层、熔合区、热影响区、基体),熔覆层组织致密、无方向性,无明显的气孔裂纹;熔合区组织晶粒较为细小,以树枝晶和等轴晶为主;粗大的柱状晶组织沿H13钢基体熔合线向熔合区生长。SiC陶瓷颗粒熔覆层、熔合区到基体SiK含量存在明显的梯度,表明熔覆层与基体形成了良好的冶金结合,分析了耐热钢表面激光熔覆陶瓷的耐磨性。此外,由于SiC陶瓷颗粒硬而脆的特性以及与基体材料之间热膨胀系数的差异,当扫描速度提高至40mm/min、60mm/min时熔覆层出现了贯穿性裂纹。上述研究成果为提高飞机耐热零件表面耐磨性提供一定理论支持。
关键词:飞机耐热零件;激光熔覆陶瓷;耐磨性
DOI:10.15938/j.jhust.2020.01.019
中图分类号: TG456-7
文献标志码: A
文章编号: 1007-2683(2020)01-0127-07
Abstract:Heat resistance steel type of H13 is used for the aircraft structure parts whose working temperature is 400~500℃Moreover, it is required to wear resistance for the parts in some special service environmentsIn order to solve the problem of wear failure in hot work dies during service, a low power laser type of Nd:YAG was used to cladding SiC ceramics on the surface of H13 steelThe macroscopic feature, microstructures and compositions were observed by the metalloscope, scanning electron microscope and energy depressive spectroscopyExperimental results indicated that that the cross sections of the cladding sample were markedly divisional(Clad Zone, Fusion zone, Heat-affected zone, Substrate Zone)The microstructure of cladding layer is non-directional and compact, without obvious crack and porosity and with good performanceThe homogeneous microstructure of bonding layer is dendrite and equiaxed grain with small size, and the massive columnar crystal grew from the bond line of H13 steel substrate to fusion zoneThe wear resistance of laser cladding ceramics on heat resistance steel surface is analyzed-Besides, a through crack appeared after the scanning speed up to 40mm/min、60mm/min on the cladding layer as the hard and brittle characteristic of SiC ceramics and the difference of thermal expansion coefficient between SiC ceramics and substrate; The above research results provide some theoretical support for improving the surface wear resistance of aircraft heat-resistant parts-
Keywords:heat-resistance parts ofaircraft; laser cladding ceramics; wear resistance
0 引 言
H13鋼具有优良的耐磨性、抗热疲劳、热强度,除在压铸模、热冲裁模、热锻模、热挤压模中得到了广泛应用,也在飞机、火箭等耐热400~500℃工作温度的结构零件上应用[1-2],有些飞机结构零件除承受较大的冲击载荷、工作介质的冲蚀、高温氧化以及剧烈的冷热循环引起的热应力外,还承受机械磨损[3-4],提高耐热钢表面耐磨性能,在特定应用环境具有迫切的需求[5]。
激光熔覆工艺作为一种表面改性技术,其特点是将合金粉末等熔覆材料用不同的添加方式置于基体材料表面。利用高能密度的激光使基体材料与熔覆层材料一起熔化,熔覆材料与基体形成良好的冶金结合,提高了基体材料表面的硬度、耐磨性等特点[6-8]。因此,可利用激光熔覆技术在H13钢基体材料表面熔覆涂层,在修复零件失效区域的同时提高基体材料的表面性能,延长零件的使用寿命,节约生产成本[9-10]。近年来激光仿生强化提高零件表面性能的研究引起了大量国内学者的重视[11-13]。金属零件表面仿生强化技术是从仿生角度出发,在金属制品表面形成抗疲劳、耐磨损的仿生结构,改善零件的耐磨损、抗热疲劳及减粘性能,从而提高金属零件的使用寿命[14-16]。
试样腐蚀后在整个横截面上能够看到明显的分区,如图10所示。从熔覆层表面到基体依次为SiC陶瓷颗粒熔覆区(clad zone,CZ),熔合区(fusion zone,FZ),热影响区域(heat-affected zone,HAZ)及基体材料区(substrate zone, SZ)。各个分层区高倍下的显微结构如图11所示。
从图11(a)可以看出,合适的工艺参数条件下SiC陶瓷熔覆区的组织无方向性、比较致密,主要是由熔化的SiC陶瓷颗粒形成的硬质相组成,没有出现明显的裂纹及气孔等缺陷,组织性能良好。圖11(b)所示为熔合区位于陶瓷熔覆层与热影响区之间,晶体主要以树枝状晶和等轴晶为主含有少量柱状晶。在激光熔覆的冷却过程中,基体的温度较低,因此熔覆层的散热方向是朝向基体,此时位于基体与熔覆层交界处的熔合区温度梯度最大,最先发生晶粒形核。依附于熔合线形成的晶核沿散热方向相反的方向生长,即垂直于熔合线向焊缝中心生长。
柱状晶持续生长直到相互接触时才停止。随着晶粒的长大液/固界限向前推移,温度梯度也随之减小,由于激光熔覆冷却速度较快,过冷度也较大,此时晶体的形核率较高,晶体来不及长大就发生凝固,因此熔合区的晶粒比较细小。
熔覆层界面的能谱分析如图12所示。
图12(a)SiK的质量分数为5-45%,12(b)SiK的质量分数为4-26%,可以发现结合层的Si含量要明显少于熔覆层,并且远大于基体材料中的含量(0-8%~1-20%)。图12(c)更加明显的反映了这一变化趋势。分析认为,造成这一现象的原因是激光熔覆过程中液态的熔覆层材料与基体在冷却凝固过程中发生了原子扩散,造成了熔覆层的稀释,导致Si元素含量减少。Si元素含量的这种变化趋势说明熔覆层与基体材料之间产生了良好的冶金结合,这是影响熔覆层质量的重要因素。冶金结合质量较差,则熔覆层易出现裂纹等缺陷,不能满足基体材料修复性能的要求。3 结 论
1)当激光熔覆扫描速度提高至40mm/min、60mm/min时,在熔覆层的整个横截面上出现了贯穿性裂纹,降低了熔覆层的性能。一方面是因为热输入减小,熔覆层成分不能均匀分布,与基体材料之间结合性较差;另一方面SiC陶瓷颗粒硬而脆,韧性较差与基体(H13钢)的热膨胀系数和收缩率不同,在熔池凝固时极易产生裂纹。
2)合适的工艺参数条件熔覆试样横截面上出现明显的分区:SiC陶瓷颗粒熔覆区、结合区、热影响区域及基体材料区。熔覆区组织致密无明显气孔裂纹,性能良好;结合区晶体以树枝状晶和等轴晶为主,晶粒比较细小,熔合线处晶体主要是柱状晶。
3)熔覆层、结合区、基体SiK的含量变化为熔覆层大于结合区、结合区大于基体,这种变化趋势说明熔覆层结合区、基体具有良好的冶金结合。
参 考 文 献:
[1] 赵昌盛, 居建村. 热作模具钢H13失效分析[J]. 模具制造, 2002(9):50.
ZHAO Changsheng, JU Jiancun. Failure Analysis of Hot Work Die Steel H13 [J]. Mold Manufacturing, 2002, 9(14): 50.
[2] KCHAOU M, ELLEUCH R, DESPLANQUES Y, et al. Failure Mechanisms of H13 Die on Relation to the Forging Process-A Case Study of Brass Gas Valves[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2010, 17(2):403.
[3] GU J, LI J, CHEN Y. Microstructure and Strengthening-Toughening Mechanism of Nitrogen-Alloyed 4Cr5Mo2V Hot-Working Die Steel[J]. Metals-Open Access Metallurgy Journal, 2017, 7(8):310.
[4] 李映颖, 谭光宇, 陈友龙. 基于飞行数据的航空发动机健康状况分析[J]. 哈尔滨理工大学学报, 2011, 16(5):43.
LI Yingying, TAN Guangyu, CHEN Youlong. Health Analysis of Aeroengine Based on Flight Data [J]. Journal of Harbin University of Science and Technology, 2011, 16(5): 43.
[5] KIM Y S,JOUN M S. Reason of Die Fracture in Hot Forging of Aluminum Fixed Scroll and Its Practical Measures[J]. Transactions of Materials Processing, 2017, 26.
[6] 李福泉, 高振增, 李俐群,等. TC4表面丝粉同步激光熔覆制备复合材料层的微观组织和性能[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2017, 46(1):177.LI Fuquan, GAO Zhenzeng, LI Liqun, et al. Microstructure and Properties of Composite Layer Prepared by Simultaneous Laser Cladding of TC4 Surface Powder [J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2017, 46(1): 177.
[7] 张坚, 吴文妮, 赵龙志. 激光熔覆研究现状及发展趋势[J]. 热加工工艺, 2013, 42(6):131.ZHANG Jian, WU Wenni, ZHAO Longzhi. Current Status and Development Trend of Laser Cladding Research [J]. Hot Working Technology, 2013, 42(6): 131.
[8] 杨晓倩, 李亚江, 马群双, 等. 激光熔覆工艺研究现状及发展[J]. 机械制造文摘(焊接分册), 2015(1):30.YANG Xiaoqian, LI Yajiang, MA Qunshuang, et al. Research Status and Development of Laser Cladding Process [J]. Abstracts of Machinery Manufacturing(Welding Volume), 2015(1): 30.
[9] 叶宏, 雷临苹, 喻文新,等. H13钢激光熔覆Co基涂层组织及热疲劳性能[J]. 强激光与粒子束, 2017, 29(2):136.YE Hong, LEI Linping, YU Wenxin, et al. Microstructure and Thermal Fatigue Properties of Laser Cladding Co-based Coating on H13 Steel [J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2017, 29(2): 136.
[10]HEMMATI I, OCELK V, HOSSON J T M D. Effects of the Alloy Composition on Phase Constitution and Properties of Laser Deposited Ni-Cr-B-Si Coatings[J]. Physics Procedia, 2013, 41(1):302.
[11]于義涛. H13钢激光仿生强化热疲劳及磨损性能研究[D]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学,2016.
[12]ZHAO K P , LIU L J , ZHANG X C , et al. Local Laser Bionic Blocking Experimental Study of Hot Work Mould Surface Cracks[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2012(201/202):4.
[13]CUI W,BAI G, HONG Y E, et al. H13 Laser Bionic Coupling Processing and Wear-resistance Performance Research[J]. Journal of Chongqing University of Technology, 2018.
[14]李福泉, 王树立, 陈彦宾, 等. Ti6Al4V表面激光熔覆生物陶瓷复合涂层研究[J]. 中国激光, 2015, 42(6):122.LI Fuquan, WANG Shuli, CHEN Yanbin, et al. Study on Ti6Al4V Surface Laser Cladding Bioceramic Composite Coating [J]. China Laser, 2015, 42(6): 122.
[15]HEMMATI I, OCELK V, Hosson J T M D. Effects of the Alloy Composition on Phase Constitution and Properties of Laser Deposited Ni-Cr-B-Si Coatings[J]. Physics Procedia, 2013, 41(1):302.
[16]XIE S, LI R, YUAN T, et al. Laser cladding assisted by friction stir processing for preparation of deformed crack-free Ni-Cr-Fe coating with nanostructure[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2017,99(1):374.
[17]岳彩旭, 马晶, 刘飞, 等. 模具钢Cr12MoV精密硬态切削过程刀具磨损[J]. 哈尔滨理工大学学报, 2014(5):56.YUE Caixu, MA Jing, LIU Fei, et al. Tool Wear During Precision Hard Cutting of Die Steel Cr12MoV [J]. Journal of Harbin University of Science and Technology, 2014,19(5): 56.
[18]张艺, 马志凯, 孙铂, 等. 激光熔覆材料的研究现状及发展[J]. 热加工工艺, 2015(14):40.ZHANG Yi, MA Zhikai, SUN Platinum, et al. Research Status and Development of Laser Cladding Materials [J]. Hot Working Technology, 2015,44(14): 40.
[19]刘西洋, 孙凤莲, 王旭友, 等. NdYAG激光+CMT电弧复合热源平焊工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响[J]. 哈尔滨理工大学学报, 2010, 15(6):107.LIU Xiyang, SUN Fenglian, WANG Xuyou, et al. Effect of Welding Parameters of Nd YAG Laser+CMT arc Composite Heat Source on Welding Seam Formation [J]. Journal of Harbin University of Science and Technology, 2010, 15(6): 107.
[20]刘立君, 姜亚青, 邸铁男,等. 模具表面激光强化离焦量波动声信号特征HHT分析[J]. 焊接学报, 2013, 34(9):51.LIU Lijun, JIANG Yabin, DI Tienan, et al. HHT Analysis of Acoustic Signal Characteristics of Laser-enhanced Defocus Amplitude Fluctuations on the Mold Surface [J]. Journal of Welding Technology, 2013, 34(9): 51.
[21]刘敬福, 李赫亮, 于小月,等. 扫描速度对45钢表面Ni基TiC激光熔覆层性能的影响[J]. 材料保护, 2014, 47(6):69.LIU Jingfu, LI Heliang, YU Xiaoyue, et al. Effect of Scanning Speed on the Properties of Ni-based TiC Laser Cladding on the Surface of 45 Steel [J]. Materials Protection, 2014, 47(6): 69.
(编辑:温泽宇)