APP下载

基于培养学生的概括归纳能力的一节英语阅读课

2020-04-29范凌燕

中学课程辅导·教育科研 2020年10期

范凌燕

【摘要】本文以學生英语阅读理解题目中的错题为例,探讨在阅读教学中如何提高学生的概括归纳能力,培养学生的高阶思维能力。

【关键字】高阶思维能力   概括归纳能力   阅读教学

【中图分类号】G633.41   【文献标识码】A   【文章编号】1992-7711(2020)10-036-01

英语高阶思维(high order thinking)是一种以高层次认知水平为主的综合性能力, 关注学生系列能力的发展, 如批判性思维能力、创造性思维能力、解决问题的能力、自主学习能力等。文秋芳教授指出逻辑思维能力包括“分析与综合能力、抽象与概括能力。 学生的语言学习过程, 是通过不断分析、比较、概括、综合、抽象以及具体化和系统化等, 对感性材料进行加工处理并转化为理性认识并最终解决实际问题的过程。由此可见,概括、归纳、综合能力是高阶思维能力中一个重要组成部分。

同时,纵观历年《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》(以下简称《考纲》),都对学生的阅读能力做如下要求:(1)考生应能理解主旨要义;(2)理解文中具体信息;(3)根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义;(4)做出判断和推理;(5)理解文章的基本结构;(6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。高考阅读理解直接考查学生的思维品质所表现出来的推理、判断、总结、归纳等思维能力。综上所述,概括归纳能力是我们在平时阅读理解中要注重去提高的一种高阶思维能力。

这类试题要求对文章的整体或局部(如段落)进行分析、概括,归纳相关部分的中心大意(Main idea),选择标题(title),判断作者的写作目的(purpose)观点态度(attitude)等,旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的能力。这一项考查的是文章的灵魂与中心。准确把握文章的主旨大意是做好英语阅读理解题的关键所在。常见设问方式有:

(1)What can we learn from this paragraph?

(2)Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?

(3)What does the passage/author mainly discuss?

(4)Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

在做高中英语阅读理解题时,学生要注意明确主旨大意题的常见设问方式,明确考查类型,掌握解题技巧,从而突破阅读理解障碍。为了提高学生此类题目的答题的正确性,笔者结合了学生阅读理解的一些典型错题,总结归纳解题规律与技巧。

Skill 1:抓住关键词

They block entrances, crowd street corners and tip onto their sides, turning a convenient form of transportation into a sidewalk danger that is particularly dangerous for the elderly and disabled.

what is the main idea of the first paragraph?

A. The elderly are easy to get injured.

B. E-scooters are difficult to find.

C. Many problems are caused by e-scooters

D. New inventions provide people with convenience.

所谓关键词,是指在文章中能够概括文章主旨、解释文章中心、展示文章脉络、标示句段关系的词语。在进行该段的归纳时,学生要抓住几个关键的动词和形容词,block,crowd, tip,danger,dangerous,便可知道答案是C。因此在做段意归纳时,要学会抓住文中的关键词,多为实词,即名词,动词,形容词等。

Skill 2:取主舍次

Jonathan Rogers is a robotic expert. working in the field, many robots would face many problems. That's when an idea hit him: what if the robot could move above the crops? After all, he realized, “Sloths move from tree branch to avoid having to walking around the forest floor.”Inspired, his team set out to design a robot that could swing hand to hand along wires hanging above a field. He named their invention Tarzan after the jungle-swing character of a well-known film.

what is the paragraph mainly about?

A. The inspiration for the new robot.

B. The origin of the new robot's name.

C. The advantages of the new robot.

D. The comparison of the new robot with old ones

筛选并整合文中的信息是阅读基本能力,它要求学生能够筛选文中的主要信息,过滤次要信息。文中主要信息为That's when an idea hit him: what if the robot could move above the crops?After all, he realized, “Sloths(树懒) move from tree branch to avoid having to walking around the forest floor.”Inspired, his team set out to design a robot that could swing hand to hand along wires hanging above a field.,占了文章2/3的篇幅,就 Jonathan Rogers如何获得灵感从而发明了类似树懒可以悬挂在树间的机器人这一问题,作者详细阐述前因后果,由此可知这是文章的主要信息。而 He named their invention Tarzan after the jungle-swing character of a well-known film.这一部分内容,讲述该机器人名字的由来,只占该段不到1/3的篇幅,没有一句展开论述的话,是文章的次要信息,在选项中是作为一个干扰项出现的,因此该题的答案为A, 而B选项只是一项次要信息,应舍弃。

Skill 3: 分层归纳

At the beginning of 2018, eXP Realty had around 6500 brokers, but till today the number has increased to over 12000. They are operating in 300 markets across the US and Canada. If that isn't enough to convince you, the company was recently listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market, with first-day market capitalization of over $1 billion. But it doesn't own or lease any more physical space than what is required by law.

We can infer from the last paragraph that eXP Realty___.

A. eXP Realty has poor performance in the stock markets

B. eXP Realty is expanding its business worldwide

C. eXP Realty has some illegal business

D. eXP Realty is really a success

在进行该段落大意归纳时,我们观察到该句有四层意思,分别用四个句号分开,分别论述了the increase of brokers of eXP Realty,the increase of markets of eXP Realty,the increase of capitalization of eXP Realty以及low cost of eXP Realty,综合以上四层意思, eXP地产公司经纪人增加,市场不断扩大,资本也逐步增加,而所需成本却非常低,可归纳出这一段告诉我们 eXP地产公司取得了巨大成功,因此答案为D。由此可看出在归纳段落大意时,有时主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节,进行全面考虑,综合分析,然后找出共同的东西,归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是,既不能以偏概全,也不能在概括时过于宽泛,要恰如其分。我们要认真观察标点符号,分清层次,了解句与句之间的逻辑关系,再进行归纳总结,也就是分层归纳法。

Skill 4:关注连接词

For the European societies, the increase has put pressure on some airports and is adding to developmental issues in some areas. On the other hand, the European Union sees the rise in Chinese visitors as important to the economy. The European Commission said, “Tourism has the potential to contribute to employment and economic growth, as well as to development in rural areas.

What can we infer from the Paragraph 3?

A. Tourism is European's main source of finance.

B. More European airports are urgently needed.

C. Tourism brings more benefits to European rural areas

D. Europeans have mixed feelings about increasing tourism

这一段内容其实是关于欧洲社会对旅游业发展的看法和观点,既有欢迎也有担忧,是一種mixed feelings ,因此正确答案是D.

连接词在文章阅读中,特别是在一些逻辑分析及抽象理论性较强的文章中经常被使用。它对于文章的一致性及连贯性起着重要作用。常见的关联词有however, besides, what's more, in short,on the other hand, for one thing,for another等。如果段落中出现表正反对比关系的连接词如on the one hand,on the other hand时,概括段落大意时,要把正反两方面的观点都要概括其中。如果段落中出现表转折关系或总结关系的连接词如however,but,therefore, thus, in fact, in short等,这些词后的内容很可能就是文章主旨。

在阅读理解中,教师要注重培养学生加工、处理信息的能力,筛选并整合文中的信息,抓住文中关键词及文章基本结构,在平时的阅读中多加以应用,学会反思错题,定能起来事半功倍的效果。