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论解释性翻译的原则与方法
——以China Daily的报道为例

2020-02-25

上饶师范学院学报 2020年1期
关键词:解释性省力译者

(上海交通大学 外国语学院,上海 200240)

一、引言

解释性翻译指的是译者“根据源语和目的语之间不同的表达习惯和方式,为源语文本中的一些文化负载词语增加解释,旨在译出源语作者感到理所当然,而目的语读者却不可理解的特殊文化含意,有效地传达源语文本中的文化信息”[1]。简单地说,“解释性翻译就是把原文中读者所不知道的知识,尽量不在注释中说明而直接融入译文中, 所谓‘化隐为显’”[2]。

如何确保外宣报道清晰易懂呢?具体而言,就是对诸如历史事件、人名、地名、特有机构、政治名词和口号、行话俚语、传统节日、习俗典故、菜肴食品等等有关中国的信息宜站在受众的立场和角度,适时酌情添加背景知识,或作简短阐释,把“译”和“释”自然、有机地融入译文之中。

早在1990年,段连城针对外宣材料的翻译问题就提出了“解释性翻译”(interpretive translation)的主张,认为在翻译具有明显中国特色或文化属性的内容时应该进行“解释性翻译”,具体可以进行三种“手术”:镶补、减肥和重组[3]。卢小军总结了对外报道中解释性翻译的十二种(语法)表现形式[4]。何慧刚指出, 解释性翻译有两种类型:一种是解释性增补,另一种是解释性替补[5]。张健认为, 解释性翻译方法可分为音译法(transliteration)、类比法(analogy)、阐释法(interpretive approach)[6]。马红军认为,如果从译者在特定文本中所采用的总体补偿策略看,补偿手段还可划分为显性补偿(explicit compensation)与隐性补偿(implicit compensation)[7]。

笔者认为, 上述对解释性翻译手段的分类方法过于笼统和粗略,可操作性不佳, 宜更为具体和细化。哪些信息是受众不了解却有着了解需求的?哪些信息是受众关切并且感兴趣的?怎样使译者提供的背景信息不论在质上还是量上都符合受众的预期?以往关于解释性翻译的研究对于诸如此类的问题要么少人问津,要么语焉不详, 本文力图对上述问题作些探讨与分析。

二、增补信息的原则与方法

傅新宇曾提出解释性翻译法的运用原则,即依据读者群和读者接受能力原则,知晓度原则,不搞乱汉语、有利于读者接受原则[2]。但这三条原则对于外宣译者具体怎样选择增补信息失之空泛,缺乏可操作性。要把解释性翻译运用到位,背景信息的选择必须满足以下四个原则:准确、简洁、省力、趋同。以下将援引我国外宣的重要平台ChinaDaily中的报道实例予以说明。

(一)准确

准确性是解释性翻译的首要原则。增补背景信息的目的就是给受众解疑释惑,填补认知的空白,扫清阅读和理解中的障碍,减少信息传播中“噪音”的干扰。假如外宣译者提供的增补信息有误,不仅会直接误导受众,使增补工作沦为徒劳,而且还会失去传播中国文化,宣传中国的大好机会。更有甚者,因为增补的信息失当或错误,外国受众对中国的误解加深。

例如对“重阳节”的翻译。重阳节又称“重九节”“踏秋”,是中国传统四大祭祖的节日之一。每年农历九月初九日一般会举行出游赏景、登高远眺、观赏菊花、遍插茱萸、吃重阳糕、饮菊花酒等活动。早在战国时期重阳节就已经形成,到了唐代,被正式定为民间的节日,此后历朝历代沿袭至今。1989年,中国政府将每年的这一天定为“老人节”“敬老节”。2012年12月28日,中国全国人大常委会表决通过新修改的《老年人权益保障法》,明确规定每年农历九月初九为老年节。那么ChinaDaily是如何向受众介绍中国这一传统节日的呢?

“祭祖的日子(a day on which Chinese visit the graves of their ancestors)”“敬老日(a festival that pays respect to the elderly)”“老人节(which is also Chinese Seniors’ Day)”“孝顺和尊敬老人的节日(where filial piety and respect for the elderly are recognized)”“中国第一个法定的老人节(the first legal Chinese festival for the elderly)”,ChinaDaily对“重阳节”这一中华民族的传统节日所做的上述背景注释,准确精当,要言不烦,传递了最基本、最重要的文化信息。外国受众在阅读中不仅澄清了疑问,而且还激发了对中国文化的了解和热爱。应当说,这样的解释性翻译是成功的,无疑也是必须的。

(二)简明

解释性翻译除了准确之外,还要求增补的注释性背景信息简明直接。个中的原因主要有三:首先,要摆正主次。对外宣传报道需要提供注释性背景的是外国受众陌生或不大了解的中国文化信息,诸如人名、地名、组织机构、传统节日、政策口号、行业术语、名吃菜肴、习俗典故等等。显然,译者提供的背景信息发挥着辅助作用,是配角,是仆役,决不能喧宾夺主,颠倒主次。因此,解释性翻译应当提供基本的、重要的、本质性的信息,太具体、太细节的信息就应当果断割舍,不能拖泥带水。其次,要保持连贯性和可读性。增补的信息如果太多,贪大求全,则会显得琐碎繁冗,破坏行文的连贯性和可读性。因此,增补信息时注意简洁、明了是十分必要的。下文将援引ChinaDaily介绍人名、地名、组织机构等文化缺省信息时的报道实例,总结其增补信息的具体操作方法,以期推而广之。

1.介绍人名

(1)借助身份或头衔介绍人

向西方受众介绍中国人物最普遍的做法就是以其身份或头衔介绍:如张艺谋是中国著名导演,彭丽媛是中国第一夫人、中国国家主席习近平的夫人等。这样介绍方法直接了当,简单明了,在对外报道中广泛使用。

例1:BEIJING-There is still much work to do to address the challenge imposed by HIV/AIDS on global public health, saidPeng Liyuan, wife of Chinese President Xi Jinping, here on Monday.(ChinaDaily, October 20, 2014)

例2:China should do more in the fight against HIV/AIDS despite the disease affecting only 0.06 percent of its population,first lady Peng Liyuansaid on Monday.Peng said efforts should be stepped up to help sufferers, especially those in hard-hit areas.(ChinaDaily,October 21, 2014)

例3:WhenChinese film master Zhang Yimoubrought his latest movie Coming Home to the audience at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, he never imagined that so many people would be affected by the story.(ChinaDaily, September 12,2014)

(2)借助作品介绍人

张艺谋是蜚声国际的中国著名导演,尽管如此,不少西方观众可能仍记不住其名字。正如很多好莱坞大导演一样,名气响当当,但我们仍然感觉陌生。但是若提及其执导的电影大片,我们就会有如雷贯耳,豁然开朗的感觉。因此,以张艺谋的代表性作品,如《英雄》《十面埋伏》《大红灯笼高高挂》《红高粱》等以及2008年北京奥运会开幕式总导演来介绍他,传播效果会更好。

例4:Impression Lijiang is a large scale cultural show that demonstrates the customs and traditions of ethnic groups including the Naxi, Yi and Bai.Zhang Yimou, director of Hero and House of Flying Daggers, is also the director of Impression Lijiang.A cast of more than 500 actors and a number of horses will bring a visual feast.A ticket can be purchased at the door for 190 yuan($30.85), and cheaper tickets can be bought online.(ChinaDaily, August 8, 2014)

例5:Zhang Yimou says his next film will be "an action blockbuster with a fantastic touch".The director of Raise the Red Lantern, Hero and the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics, told Britain's Gareth Edwards, director of the new Godzilla film, that his new English-language film will revolve around the Great Wall.(ChinaDaily, June 19, 2014)

(3)借助名誉或成就介绍人

说起中国大作家莫言,人们肯定会说他是诺贝尔文学奖得主。以这一辉煌的成就介绍莫言是再恰当不过了:

例6:AfterMo Yan, the Nobel Laureate of Literature, Mai is now considered one of a handful of authors with "overseas success." However, he admits Chinese writers are still marginalized in the West.(ChinaDaily, August 31, 2014)

(4)借助第二重身份介绍人

作为中国第一夫人、中国国家主席习近平的夫人,彭丽媛在国际政治舞台上频频亮相,其温婉大方,端庄贤淑的形象受到广泛赞誉,并日益受到国内外媒体的热切关注。对外报道中除了以其特殊的身份介绍之外,还可以借助其第二身份予以介绍,即世界卫生组织结核病和艾滋病防治亲善大使。这第二重身份将使彭丽媛更显亲切、慈爱、善良,更受人们的尊敬和爱戴。ChinaDaily就曾这样报道介绍彭丽媛:

例7:Peng Liyuan, who is a World Health Organization(WHO)goodwill ambassador for tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, made the remarks as she met with three foreign scientists on the sidelines of the 2014 National Conference on HIV/AIDS.(ChinaDaily, October 20,2014)

陈竺是现任全国人大常委会副委员长,前卫生部部长,但除了这个政治身份之外,他还有另一个身份,即中国顶尖的血液学、分子生物学家。这第二重身份让人们对这位政治人物充满了更多崇敬:

例8:Chen Zhu, one of the first scientists sponsored by the fund and now China's topmost oncology expert, said the funding has given a push to young researchers like him who have returned from overseas, and has allowed him to research whatever he's interested in, without being tied to a particular project.(ChinaDaily,August 23 , 2014)

2.介绍地名

(1)借助地理位置

增补背景信息的主要目的是解疑释惑。因此,究竟应该增添什么信息主要是依据受众的需求而定。诚然,我们不是西方受众,但是人类对新事物或现象的基本认知是有很大共性的。比如,要了解一个陌生的地名,最关心的莫过于这个地方所在的地理位置,这也正是对外传媒介绍地名的常用做法。例如,对婺源的介绍就是借助地理位置在行文中作了简单介绍:

例9:Photo taken on Feb 13, 2014 shows the snow scenery after a snowfall since Wednesday night at Huangling village of Jiangwan town inWuyuan county, east China's Jiangxi province.(ChinaDaily, February 14,2014)

(2)借助别称

许多城市有着一张靓丽的名片——别称。对外传播时以别称介绍中国地名是一个简便易行的方式。景德镇的瓷器驰名全球,素有“中国瓷都”的美誉。ChinaDaily就是以此别称介绍的:

例10:A hard time leavingJindezhen, so called "Capital of China" -porcelain china that is.Only four months in China, with limited language, I was traveling alone but managing all the same with a little help from shy English speaking locals.Just when I needed help someone would kindly offer to translate for me, with shaking hands and a breaking sweat.I was, more often than not, the first foreigner they had ever spoken to.(ChinaDaily, December 26,2011)

(3)借助地理位置+别称

江西婺源被誉为“中国最美的乡村”,有这么一张金字招牌,婺源的吸引力势不可挡,对外传播当然不容错过如此介绍:

例11:Wuyuan county, East China's Jiangxi province, is deemed the most beautiful countryside of China.(ChinaDaily, July 21,2014)

(4)借助地理位置+出名原因

以下这则报道采用了地理位置+出名原因的方式介绍婺源,处理的颇为成功,值得对外宣传时借鉴:

例12:Shaiqiu, or Autumn drying, refers to the practice of drying the autumn harvest in the sun.It is commonly seen inWuyuan, an area noted for its pastoral beauty in Jiangxi province.This year, shaiqiu takes on a new form to celebrate the National Day.(ChinaDaily, September 29,2014)

3.介绍组织机构

对外介绍我国的组织机构(包括公司企业)等时,可以采用以下方式进行推介。

(1)借助属性或功能

例13:The protests attempt to force the central authorities to change the decision made bythe Standing Committee of the National People's Congress(NPC), China's top legislature, on Hong Kong's electoral system.The decision made on Aug 31 granted universal suffrage in the selection of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(HKSAR)'s chief executive on the basis of nomination by a "broadly representative" committee.(ChinaDaily, October 4, 2014)

例14:The subject has also been a hot topic among members ofthe National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the top advisory body.(ChinaDaily, October 6, 2014)

(2)借助成就

例15:Lenovo Group Ltd, a company best known for personal-computer and laptop products, is also navigating its way into the wearable-devices market.(ChinaDaily, October 2, 2014)

(3)借助地点+属性或功能

例16:Huawei Technologies Co Ltd, a Shenzhen, Guangdong province-based telecom equipment maker, has released its very own wearable-a fitness-focused band called the Huawei Talkband B1.The company hopes the waterproof, dust-resistant device will attract buyers who love outdoor activities.(ChinaDaily, October 2, 2014)

(4)借助属性或功能+成就

例17:In a further blow to traditional media,the multinational Haier Group, one of China's best-known producers of household appliances and electronic goods, said it would no longer advertise in magazines and would rely instead on the pulling power of the Internet and television.(ChinaDaily, October 6, 2014)

例18:Baidu Inc, the world's largest Chinese-language search-engine provider, unveiled its very first wearable device in early September.Baidu Eye, similar to Google Glass, has a built-in camera that can recognize a number of products and provide item information via an earpiece or smartphone.(ChinaDaily, October 2, 2014)

(三)省力

关联翻译理论认为,译者的“解释性运用”与译文读者产生的“语境效果”是不可分割的,作为解释者的译者就是要通过其解释活动消弭译文读者与原作的陌生性,克服时间间距和历史情景所造成的差异。既然原文读者和译文读者可能因为认知语境的不同发生不同的理解,译者的职责就是通过对原文的解释性运用使译文读者能理解原文作者的意图,在取得“充分的语境效果”的同时,没有付出“不必要的处理努力”[8]。

省力原则的出发点为了帮助目标语受众了解原文的实际内容,消除他们认知语境中的障碍,并为他们提供最佳语境效果。该原则顾及到了受众对解释性翻译背景信息的承受程度并追求信息传播的速度和效率的考虑。有时译者虽然提供了必要的解释或背景材料渗入到译文中,对原文有关内容进行补充与注释,但是受众无法快速地理解和消化这些信息,甚至“视而不见”,并未入心。倘若如此,则不仅枉费译者的一番苦心,而且传播效果亦大打折扣。

省力原则是通过原语文化信息与译语文化信息的类比,促使受众产生积极的文化联想,将两种文化信息快速建立链接,借助受众已有的本国文化的认知来理解译者提供的注释性背景信息。这样既减轻了受众接收信息的心理和大脑负荷,又有效地提高了信息传播的速度和效果。省力原则正是契合了通常所谓的“借帆出海”,实现了新信息(注释性背景信息)与旧信息(受众原有的认知信息)的嫁接。

如近来明星吸毒案件时有曝光,房祖名和柯震东因吸毒被刑拘和关押的报道更是抢占了各大网站的头条新闻。那么,ChinaDaily是怎样介绍房祖名的呢?

例19:Taiwan-based Chinese actor Kai Ko again held a press conference in Taiwan where he again apologized and answered questions from the media on Sunday.He denied that his crying at Beijing's conference was a playact.Ko stressed that his behavior had nothing to do withJaycee Chan, son of superstar Jackie Chanwho was detained along with him, and said they would remain friends.(ChinaDaily, August 31, 2014)

该报道中,房祖名以“超级巨星成龙(Jackie Chan)之子”做了简单介绍。成龙的功夫片在好莱坞大为卖座,拥有很高的国际知名度。以西方受众所熟知的人物进行介绍,不失为一种讨巧、省力的传播策略。

又如,国外受众对“全国人民代表大会”“国务院”等中国的政治机构颇为陌生,不甚了解究竟是什么样的机构。ChinaDaily把“全国人民代表大会”说成是中国的“议会”,把“国务院”类比为中国的“内阁”。这对于熟谙本国或其他西方国家政体或政治机构的外国受众而言是非常容易理解和把握的。

例20:BEIJING -China's State Council, or the cabinet, on Thursday published rules to strengthen the supervision and management of debts incurred by local governments.The State Council's statement came one month after the National People's Congress(NPC), the Chinese parliament, passed a long-awaited set of amendments to the country's Budget Law on Aug.31.The revision marked an important milestone in fiscal reforms and paved the way for local governments to formally issue bonds on China's bond market.(ChinaDaily, October 3, 2014)

中国电影金鸡奖由中国电影家协会和中国文联联合主办于1981年创办,因当年属中国农历鸡年,故取名中国电影金鸡奖,简称金鸡奖。金鸡奖评奖委员会是由中国最具权威的导演艺术家、表演艺术家、电影剧作家、摄影家、音乐家、美术家,以及电影理论家、教育家、事业家共同组成,因此又被称为“专家奖”,是中国内地电影界最权威和最专业的电影奖。对外报道中,除了直接简明的译作“the top prize of China's film industry”“the mainland's top film awards”“one of China's most prestigious film awards”之外,更可以借助奥斯卡奖的知名度,将“金鸡奖”类比为中国的“奥斯卡奖”,这样介绍既省力又高效:

例21:If you need convincing that Yan Bingyan is a deserved winner of the Best Actress award at this year'sGolden Rooster Awards-known as China's Oscars-consider this: the 30-year-old actress spent 10 years in small TV roles before landing her first movie part in The Teeth of Love.(ChinaDaily, December 26, 2007)

同样,借助省力原则,利用类比手法,将新浪微博说成是“中国的twitter”:

例22:I'm moved by what you do.Great job and wish you all the best!" says one post on the company'sSina Weibo, the Chinese equivalent of Twitter.(ChinaDaily, October 14, 2014)

(四)趋同

诚然,不同译者在进行解释性翻译时对背景信息材料的选择有同有异,但都服务于“想受众之所想,急受众之所急”的共同目的。这样做本该无可厚非,但是倘若不同译者提供的注释性背景信息相差太大,而受众又因为自身认知的局限性无法一一辨别接收,导致原本对同一文化事物的注释、增补在受众看来或许以为是两种不同的东西,如此,则有着趋同的必要。

趋同指的是译者增补时选择基本或完全相同的信息,统一一种或几种表述方式,通过长时间的传播,形成集聚效应,产生更好的传播效果。比如,向外国受众介绍“百度”时,译者就宜选用以下几种统一的传播口径:“The Chinese online search giant Baidu”“Chinese online search provider Baidu Inc”“The Chinese Internet giants Baidu”“leading search engine Baidu Inc”“China's largest search engine”“online search engine Baidu”“Baidu Inc, the world's largest Chinese-language search-engine provider”“the world's largest Chinese-language search-engine provider”等等。同理,如果介绍新浪微博时,也宜采用几种通用的增补信息予以介绍:“Sina Weibo, a Twitter-like microblog”“Chinese micro blog Sina Weibo”“Sina Weibo, the Chinese equivalent of the Twitter”“Sina Weibo, China's largest Twitter-like platform”。

三、结语

我国的对外宣传肩负着传播中国文化、树立国家形象的伟大使命。为受众解疑释惑是对外传播的“题中之义”。解释性翻译不能无视受众的认知水平、接受心理、需求与期待,不能随心所欲地增加背景信息。在准确、简明、省力、趋同原则的指导下,外宣译者可以发挥主观能动性和创造性,最大限度地提高信息传播的清晰度,增强传播效果。外宣译者只有对怎样增补信息,增补什么信息,采用哪些表达形式等等了然于胸,才能在外宣业务中游刃有余。

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论行政自由裁量的“解释性控权”
自动化养鸡 省力又高效
论新闻翻译中的译者主体性
英汉互译中的认知隐喻翻译探究
英文摘要
英文摘要
非解释性宪法适用论