主题语境十三：世界与环境（一）

蒋建平

感知·素养解读

世界上的不同国家、不同民族有自己的山川河流和家园，有其独特的景色、国土地貌、经济环境，从而产生了不同的文化历史和国情。各国在改善生活、发展经济方面做着不懈的努力，然而在发展的同时也带来了人口增长、资源过度利用、居住环境污染等问题。

“世界与环境”是高中新课程标准主题之一。课标及考纲中的“世界与环境”是指动植物保护、生态保护、环境污染和保护等方面。

“世界与环境”是历年高考英语的常考主题。就历年高考英语书面表达而言，“世界与环境”主要包括国家介绍、珍惜水资源、使用再生资源、实现经济可持续发展、创建绿色学校，对公共场所吸烟、随地吐痰、随地扔纸屑、课本资料回收、污染或环境保护发表意见等话题。

关于这一主题的写作常有以下几种命题角度：

1. 介绍国家或城市。

2. 介绍“世界环境日” “世界水日”或“无车日”。

3. 介绍“地球日”活动。

4. 合理利用水资源。

5. 污染整治之前与之后对比。

6. 公共卫生意识。

7. 请就是否应回收课本发表意见。

8. 日常生活中怎样进行环境保护。

9. 动物保护和人类生存孰优先。

10. 垃圾分类。

探究·语库构建

语境串记

Wildlife protection

Dinosaurs died out because of a（n） 1. _________ （expect） incident. 2._________ wildlife today disappears or is in danger just because humans do harm to it. For example， tigers

3._________（hunt） for fur to make carpets so that they can only live in secure reserves; grassland is destroyed without mercy so that dust storms come into being 4. _________ （affect） distant cities.

Last year， scientists saw some monkeys rubbing themselves with a certain kind of insects to protect themselves from fierce mosquitoes' 5. _________（bite）. According to the result of the 6. _________ （inspect）， they found that the insect contains a 7. _________ （power） drug， so local farmers were employed to catch the insects. The ending was 8. _________ the insects disappeared from the whole zone. When 9. _________（tell） that it was a loss to humans， the farmers burst into laughter and responded， “Our real loss is our decreasing income.”

We should appreciate the natural balance and pay more attention to the importance of wildlife protection. Not 10. _________ we succeed in letting wildlife live in peace， can we smile in relief.

保护野生动植物

恐龙因一次意外事件而灭绝，但是今天的野生动植物却是因为人类的伤害而消失或处在危险中。例如，老虎被猎杀以获取做地毯的皮毛，以致它们只能生活在安全的保护区里;草地被毫不怜悯地破坏，以致沙尘暴开始影响遥远的城市。

去年，科学家观察到猴子在身上擦某种昆虫来保护自己不受凶猛的蚊子叮咬。根据检查的结果，他们发现这种昆虫含有一种具有强大效力的药物，于是，当地的农民都被雇来抓虫子。结果是，这种昆虫从这整个地区消失了。当被告知说这是整个人类的损失时，农民们都突然大笑着回应道：“我们减少的收入才是我们真正的损失呢！”

我们应该重视自然平衡，更加注意野生动植物保护的重要性。直到我们成功让野生动植物安详平静地生活，我们自己才能如释重负地笑开颜。

I. 图解热词

II. 素材积累

（一）阅读词汇整合（明其义）

地球环境：

1. ecosystem 生态系统

2. ecological balance 生态平衡

3. desert 沙漠

4. forest 森林

5. farmland 农田

6. soil 土壤

7. green belt 绿化地带

8. ocean circulation 海洋環流

9. water resource 水资源

10. natural resources 自然资源

11. atmosphere 大气;大气层

环境破坏的原因：

1. ashes 灰烬;废墟

2. rubbish/garbage/trash/waste/litter 废物;废

弃物

3. smog 烟雾

4. poison n. 毒;毒药

poisonous adj. 有毒的;有害的

5. haze 雾霾

6. pollute v. 污染

pollutant n. 污染物

pollution n. 污染

7. carbon dioxide 二氧化碳

8. plastic bags 塑料袋

9. drinking cans 飲料罐

10. cut down trees 砍伐树木

11. pollute the environment/air 污染环境/空气

12. lead/water/noise/air/white pollution 铅/水/噪音/空气/白色污染

13. send out smoke and poisonous gases into the air 把烟雾和有毒气体排放到空气中

14. pour waste water into rivers without being treated 往河里排放未经处理的废水

环境破坏的后果：

1. sandstorm 沙暴

2. acid rain 酸雨

3. abnormal climate 气候异常

4. global warming 全球变暖

5. sea level rise 海平面上升

6. greenhouse effect 温室效应

7. be harmful to/do harm to... 对……有害

8. flood many low-lying cities 水淹低洼城市

9. droughts/floods/sandstorms sweep across... 干旱/洪水/沙尘暴横扫……

10. bring about 导致;引起

11. bring...to extinction 使……灭绝

12. be threatened by 受到……的威胁

13. put sth at the risk of 使某物面临……的危险

14. be in danger 处于危险中

15. under threat 处于威胁中

16. on the brink of extinction 濒临灭绝

环境保护：

1. burn 燃烧;焚烧

2. bury 掩埋

3. landfill 废物填埋地

4. discourage 阻止

5. recycle/reuse 再利用;循环使用

6. preserve 保存;保护

7. renewable adj. 可再生的

renew v. 更新

8. biodegradable packaging 可降解包装

9. environmental protection 环境保护

10. environmentally-friendly 环保的

11. plant trees 植树

12. solar energy 太阳能

13. garbage classification 垃圾分类

14. sustainable development 可持续发展

15. recycle the rubbish 回收垃圾

16. live in harmony with nature 与自然和谐相处

17. keep the balance of nature 保持自然界的平衡

18. protect the ecology 保护生态

19. save energy/water 节约能源/水

20. protect the environment 保护环境

21. ride bicycles to work 骑自行车上班

22. develop renewable resources 开发可再生资源

23. fight against pollution 与污染做斗争

24. eco-friendly products 环保型产品

25. deal with rubbish properly 正确处理垃圾

26. recycle textbooks/trash 课本/垃圾回收利用

27. ban smoking in public 禁止在公共场合吸烟

28. improve our living conditions 改善我们的居住条件

29. ban the abuse of plastic bags 禁止滥用塑料袋

30. don't litter/spit everywhere 不随地扔垃圾/吐痰

31. lead/live a low-carbon lifestyle 采用低碳的生活方式

32. advocate doing sth 提倡做某事

33. take action/steps/measures 采取措施

34. prevent/stop/keep sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事

35. raise people's environmental awareness 增强人们的环保意识

36. make full use of/make the best of 充分利用

（二）写作词汇运用（悉其用）

根据汉语提示或用所给单词的正确形式完成句子。

1. The environment _________________（pollute） badly so far and the nature punishes the human being by all kinds of disasters， such as the heavy haze in Beijing， which damages people's health.

2. The cars release the gas which pollutes the air and the rubbish can_________________

（find） in every corner of the street.

3. The factories _________________ （release） the heavy smoke and make the sky become dark.

4. Though the government has done something to punish the businessmen for releasing the polluted sources， they still dare to

_________________（冒險） earning the biggest profit.

5. The _________________ （pollute） environment threatens our health.

6. I hope everyone can care about

_________________   （protect） the environment and stop wasting things.

7. Liu Ying _________________ （play） a part in

protecting animals since she was ten.

8. The government should get the people

_________________（realize） the importance of protecting the environment.

9. When people go traveling， they should use bicycles or walk and use bags that can

_________________（recycle） instead of plastic ones when shopping.

10. The loss of a single species is very likely

_________________（destroy） a whole food chain and affects others that rely on it.

（三）核心句型表达（精于表）

根据要求翻译下列句子。

1. 世界环境日是在6月5日，呼吁公众努力为世界带来一个干净的环境。

译法一：（并列句）

______________________________________________

译法二：（非限制性定语从句）

______________________________________________

2. 随着科学技术的发展，人们变得越来越富有。

译法一：（含with... 结构的简单句）

译法二：（用as引导状语从句）

3.在高峰期坐地铁而不是驾车出行避开了交通堵塞，而且对环境有利。

译法一：（简单句）

______________________________________________

译法二：（含not only... but also...的倒装句）

______________________________________________

4. 任何破坏环境的人都应该受到严厉的惩罚。

译法一：（含限制性定语从句）

______________________________________________

译法二：（含让步状语从句）

______________________________________________

实践·主题测评

知识维度诊断评价

Ⅰ. 单句填空

1. Human development has robbed many unique and beautiful species of their habitats and put them

__________ the risk of extinction.

2. In 1969， the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland， Ohio， and it was

__________（imagine） that it could ever be cleaned up.

3. This river is one of __________ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.

4. Finally， that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is __________ （clean） than ever.

5. In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars， __________（leave） behind a vacant haze that mirrors our fear of the dark.

6. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design， which allows artificial light __________ （shine） outward and upward into the sky.

7. While clean energy is __________ （increase） used in our daily life， global warming will continue for some decades.

8. When it comes to __________（adapt）， it is important to understand that climate change is a process.

9. Floods have become more __________（damage） in Bangladesh in recent decades.

10. Climate change is a __________（continue） process， so Norphel's ice reserves will not last forever.

11. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt， it's a nonsense __________（design） to make the case for business as usual.

12. Exposure to air pollution increases a person's risk of __________（illness） such as lung cancer， stroke， heart disease and bronchitis.

13. It's high time we __________（take） immediate measures to protect our earth from being polluted.

14. You cannot __________（difficult） see that everybody actually is causing damage to the mother earth， which， however， they may not be realizing.

15. Everybody should raise the awareness __________ it's our duty to protect our mother earth.

16. After the hurricane， the homeless __________（number） over 200，000.

17. While there are amazing stories of instant transformation， for most of us the __________ （change） are gradual and require a lot of effort and work， like cleaning up a polluted river.

18. It took years of work __________（reduce） the industrial pollution and clean the water.

19. For many years many countries __________（try） to find a sustainable way to balance economic development and the protection of nature so that our children have the opportunity to appreciate nature's glorious beauty.

20. If we reuse something， it will not end up __________ waste.

Ⅱ. 單句改错

1. One day， if animals all disappeared， the world we live would come to an end. __________

2. The more wild animals we kill， the more debts we will pay for in the future. __________

3. The river was very polluted that it actually caught fire and burned. __________

4. We've lit up the night as if they were an unoccupied country， when nothing could be further from the truth. __________

5. Without the glaciers， water will arrive in the rivers at times that it can damage crops.

__________

6. In southern Spain the suddenly increase of greenhouses has changed the warming trend locally， and actually cooled the region. __________

7. By paint buildings white， cities may slow down the warming process. __________

8. Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate by both ordinary and astonishing ways. __________

9. It is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to water shortages. __________

10. The best way to solve the problem is to use the knowledge and technology that some countries had already developed. __________

Ⅲ. 语篇填空

选用所给单词的正确形式填空，使短文意思完整。

“Global warming could make humans shorter，” warn scientists who claim 1. __________ evidence that it caused the world's first horses 2.__________ nearly 50 million years ago.

In fact， a team from the universities of Florida and Nebraska says it has found a link between the earth 3. __________ up and the size of mammals—horses， in this case， the last time the world heated up. The scientists used fossils to follow the evolution of horses from their earliest 4. __________ 56 million years ago.

As 5. __________ went up， their size went down， and vice versa（反之亦然）. “At one point they were as small as a house cat，” said Dr Jonathan Bloch， curator（馆长） of the Florida Museum of Natural History， which was quoted by the Daily Mail as saying.

The scientists say that the current warming could have the same effect on mammals and could even make humans 6.__________.“Horses started out small， about the size of a small dog. What's

7.__________ is that after they first appeared， they then became even smaller and then dramatically increased in size， and that 8.__________corresponds to the global warming event， followed by 9.__________ .”

“It 10.__________ that mammals were small during that time and that it was warm， but we hadn't understood that temperature specifically was driving the evolution of body size，” Dr Bloch said in the Science journal.