“细微”之处易得分

杨定生

英语中的分句，是指主从复合句，也就是指名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句三大类型的从句。主从复合句各自的构成和用法，教材教辅中都有，本文不作赘述。本文仅就各类型分句在实际运用中常见的细小问题，做一次归纳，但愿本文能对今后将要参加高考的学子们有所帮助。

I. 分句运用中的若干细节

一、名詞性从句 （主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）

1.

名词性从句通常为陈述句语序。

2. 名词性从句的引导词that， 无词意，也无语法功能，但有时却不能省略，如主语从句或宾语从句置于句首时;

当一个动词带有两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句时， 第二个that不能省略。

3. 引导名词性从句表示疑问时，常用whether不用if

（宾语从句有时可例外）。 whether引导名词性从句时可以和or not 连用，而if则不能。

The question is whether

they can work out the difficult math problem.

Whether she comes or not

makes no difference.

4. what引导名词性从句，其意要视上下文而定。

What she said at

the meeting surprised us greatly.

She is not what she was 5 years

ago.

This is what they call Salt Lake City.

Our income now is

double what it was ten years ago.

I have no idea what we should do

next.

（一）主语从句

1.

what引导主语从句，在从句中作主语或宾语，而that引导主语从句时，不作句子成分，也没有任何含义，仅起连接作用但又不可省略，该句句意完整。

What really interested the children was how to use the computer.

What he

said surprised all of us.

That he is famous as an English teacher is

well known.

2. who可以引导主语从句，但往往具有疑问的意义;而whoever则没有疑问的意义，相当于anyone

who。

Who will give us a speech is unknown now.

Whoever leaves

the room last should lock the door.

3.

由于主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此常使用it作形式主语，然后把主语从句移至句子后面。

It is known to us how he

became a writer.

It is a pity that you didnt come to Marys party last

night.

（二）宾语从句

1. 当主语是第一人称I / we

时，谓语动词think，believe，suppose，expect，guess等后面宾语从句中的否定词要转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。

I dont believe he will come.

We dont think you are here.

注意：若谓语动词为hope，宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。如：I hope you werent ill.

2. 特殊疑问句由“特殊疑问词+

do you think （believe / expect / suppose / say等） + 陈述句语序”构成。

Mum is

coming. What present do you expect she has got for your birthday？

3.

如果在动词find， feel， think， make等后的宾语从句后有宾语补语时， 则可用it 作形式宾语，然后将用做宾语的从句后置。

We

must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.

Some

students just take it for granted that theyll pass the exams.

4.

whatever 等引导宾语从句，也可引导状语从句，而no matter what只能引导状语从句。

I believe whatever he

says. （宾语从句）

Whatever （=No matter what） you say， I will not change my

①

在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who / whom指人。

He has a son， who has gone abroad

for further study.

② 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。

I

like the person to whom the teacher is talking.

③ 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which，

先行词为those， one， he时（指人时）用who。

Those who respect others are usually

respected by others.

特别提醒：

先行词为situation， case，point， stage，activity，age等，意指某人或某事所处的“某种情景或状态”，或指某事所发展或达到的“某种地步或程度”;他们都是指“在这种情景、状态下”

或“在某个时间”，因此，需用where， when等关系副词来引导定语从句。

The accident had reached to a

point where both their parents are to be called in.

We have entered into

an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.

三、状语从句

（一）让步状语从句

1. “疑问词+ever”或“no matter+疑问词”表示“不管……”的含义，引导让步状语从句。

However （= No matter how） much I tried， I failed to work out the maths

problem.

Whatever （=No matter what） you say， I will not change my

mind.

Whenever （=No matter when） you come， you will be warmly

welcomed.

Wherever （=No matter where） you go， you will find the same

thing.

Whoever （=No matter who） you are， you have no right to do such a

thing.

2. “whether... or...” 可以引导含选择范围的让步状语从句，意为“不管……”。

I shall

go， whether you come with me or stay at home.

Whether she wins or loses，

this is her last chance.

（二）时间状语从句

表示“一……就……”的句式：

1. hardly / scarcely / rarely... when / before， no sooner... than和as soon

as都可以表示“一……就……”的意思。

I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to

rain.

I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

As soon as

I got home， it began to rain.

注意：如果hardly， scarcely 或no

sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。

Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to

rain.

No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

2. immediately， directly， instantly， the moment， the instant， the

minute等引导的时间状语从句，表示“一……就……”。

I will go there directly I have finished my

breakfast.

The moment I heard the news， I hastened to the spot.

3. while 的多用途

① 引導时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词应用延续性动词或表示状态的词。

While the

discussion was still going on， George came in.

Strike while the iron is

hot.

② 引导让步状语从句，多用于句首，意为“尽管，虽然”。

While I admit his good points I

can see his bad ones.

③ while作并列连词用，意思为“而，然而”，表前后意义上的对比或转折。

Theres plenty of rain in the southeast， while theres little in the

northeast.

（三）方式状语从句通常由as， （just） as... so...， as if， as

though引导。

1. as， （just） as...so...引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在 （just）

as...so...结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如……”，“就像”，多用于正式文体。

Always do to the

others as you would be done by.

As water is to fish， so air is to

man.

Just as we sweep our rooms， so we should sweep backward ideas from

our minds.

2. as if， as though

两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。意为“仿佛……似的”“好像……似的”。

He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting.（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

（四） 结果状语从句常由so... that 或 such... that引导

so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many， few， much， little连用，形成固定搭配。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组， so...

that与such... that之间的转换即是so与such之间的转换。

The boy is so young that he cant

go to school.

He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.

II. 分句与分词（非谓语动词）间的转换

一、与动词不定式间的转换

1） 名词性从句与动词不定式之间的转换

①

主语从句可转换成动词不定式作主语

When and where we will hold the meeting is unknown

yet.

→ When and where to hold the meeting is unknown yet.

②

宾语从句可转换成不定式作宾语或宾语补足语

I dont know what I can do with the unwelcome

fellow.

→ I dont know what to do with the unwelcome fellow.

③

表语从句可转换成动词不定式作表语

My wish is that I can become a pilot after

graduation.

→ My wish is to become a pilot after graduation.

2）

定语从句可转换成动词不定式作定语（动作将要发生）

The meeting that / which will be held tomorrow

is of great importance.

→ The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great

importance.

3） 状语从句可转换成相应的动词不定式作目的、结果、原因等状语

They set out early

in order that（so that）they could arrive in time. （目的）

→ They set out

early in order to（so as to）arrive in time.

She was so excited that she

couldnt go to sleep. （结果）

→ She was so excited as not to sleep.

二、Ving间的转换

1） 名词性从句与Ving间的转換

① 由

that引导的主语从句可转换成Ving作主语

That the students know English helps them in

learning French.

→ The students knowing English helps them in learning

French.

② 由 that引导的宾语从句可转换成Ving作宾语或宾语补足语

I remember that I have

paid him for his work.

→ I remember having paid him for his

work.

③ 由that引导的表语从句可转换成Ving作表语

Our worry is that you depend

too much on him.

→ Our worry is your depending too much on him.

2）从句与分词之间的转换

① 由that， who， which引导的定语从句可转换成分词作定语。

The man who /

that is talking to my teacher is my father.

→ The man talking to my

teacher is my father.

② 表时间、原因、条件、让步等的状语从句可转换成相应的分词作状语。

While

waiting for the bus， I caught sight of her.（时间）

→ While I was waiting

for the bus， I caught sight of her.

As he was educated by the Party， he

became a great fighter. （原因）

→ Educated by the Party， he became a great

fighter.

If we had been given enough time， we could have done it better.

（条件）

→ Given enough time， we could have done it better.

③

某些动词后宾语从句可转换成分词作宾语补足语。

I found that he was waiting for a bus at the

station.

→ I found him waiting for a bus at the station.

④

当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。

常用：连词 + 形容词 / ving / ved / to do

/名词/介词短语

Work hard when （you are） young， or youll regret.

Although （he was） a farmer， now he is a famous director.

Although （he

is） doing his best in maths these days， he has still got no good marks.

He wont go there with us unless （he is） invited.

He stood up as if （he

were） to say something.

She looked anxious as though （she was） in

trouble.

注意：当状语从句主语和主句主语不一致时， 从句部分常用独立主格结构来表达。

When the shower

was over， we continued our journey.

→ The shower being over， we

continued our journey.

If all things are considered， her paper is better

than yours.

→ All things considered， her paper is better than

yours.

⑤ 表示伴隨状态的独立主格结构可转换为并列句或两个独立的句子。

He went to the front

door， his students following him.

→ He went to the front door， and his students followed him.