基于单元的高中英语核心词汇教学探究
2019-10-23李华
李华
【摘 要】 目前高中英语核心词汇教学主要依托学生独立记忆词汇音形义的方式,脱离文本,忽视词汇间的内在联系,呈现出教学方式单一、学生学习困难的现象,教学效果不理想。本文尝试从基于单元的高中英语核心词汇教学入手,通过案例分析,结合语境语篇,教授单元核心词汇,帮助学生找到单元核心词汇间的内在联系,激发学习兴趣,提高学习效率。
【关键词】 高中英语;词汇教学;探究
词汇是语言的基石,是语言知识的重要组成部分,是形成和发展语言技能的基础。词汇教学在语言教学过程中有着举足轻重的作用。英国语言学家 D.A.Wilkins 指出,“没有语法不能很好地表达,而没有词汇则什么也表达不了”。没有高效的词汇学习,语言知识的掌握如无源之水,语言能力的习得也是无本之木。《普通高中英语课程标准(实验稿)》关于词汇的目标要求,描述如下(六级的教学参照七级目标要求):
以上对词汇的目标要求是使用,而非简单记忆。正如《课程标准》所述:能就熟悉的话题交流信息,提出问题并陈述自己的意见和建议;能读懂英文原著简写本及英语报刊,具有初步的实用写作能力;能从多渠道获取信息并利用所得信息进行清楚有条理的表达(教育部 2003)。这些能力的习得都以词汇运用为基础。因此,高中英语词汇教学应以培养语言能力为导向,力求高效。这要求我们在词汇教学中多角度开发教材、利用单元核心词汇间的内在联系,让学生在语篇语境中学习和运用词汇。
一、“基于单元”的涵义
人教版高中英语教材采用“话题、功能、结构、任务”相结合的编写思路。教材以“话题”统领单元教学内容,各单元词汇以“话题”为核心,构成word web,有利于学生构建词汇网络,建立语义联系,为语言输出做准备。
以必修1 Unit3为例:话题词汇
二、单元核心词汇的界定
核心词汇存在两个关键的地方,一是教材中,尤其阅读材料中的关键词汇,对阅读理解有重要影响的生词或短语;二是文章中的高频词汇,在阅读后的教学活动中,如口语或写作中使用频率比较高的词汇。(葛文山)
三、教学案例探究
1.必修1 Unit4 Earthquake单元核心詞汇
2.教学案例一:结合语境教学词汇
必修1 Unit4 Earthquake
(1)Warming up &Pre- reading
What has happened?
Yes,an earthquake.
B.What are these?
Yes,typhoon,flood,drought.We call them disasters.
Which kind of disaster do you think may cause people the greatest damage?
人教版高中英语教材每单元第一个环节是“热身”,目的是激活背景知识。在这个环节利用图片创设情境,呈现核心词汇,引导学生用简单的语句描述图片,在问与答的交流中进行词汇教学能有效激活背景知识。
(2)Before & after reading
What happened to the city after the earthquake?
Buildings_____ (倒掉).Hospitals,schools,bridges___ were destroyed.
The earthquake ___destroyed the city.Everything is___ in ruins.
In fifteen seconds a large city___ lay in ruins.
People ___were shocked and frightened.
The girl ___is buried under the ruins./ The girl___ is trapped under the ruins.
The___ rescue workers are helping her. /The workers ___are rescuing the girl.
Many people ___are hurt/ injured,and a lot of people died.
The army organized teams to ___rescue/dig out those who___ were trapped.
People build shelters for___ survivors(who experience the disasters and are still alive)whose homes ___have been destroyed.
利用图片创设语境,用问题引导学生谈论或描述图片内容,用句子和关键词提示,降低难度,使学生有效学习运用核心词汇,增强学习信心。
(3)Students read these sentences and learn the key words.
课堂上尽可能让学生重复含有核心词汇的描述性语句,改善学生开口难、说不出的教学现状。
(4)Using the key words to complete the passage.
Sudden shaking of the ground makes an______.It is caused by a________ rock movement underground.
An earthquake is one of the most common natural_______.It may cause great________ to humans. When an earthquake happens,buildings _____down.Hospitals,schools,bridges may_________.In a short time,everything is________.People may _________ under the ruins.Also,people may________ by falling pieces.So it is wise to learn some simple _______tips to protect us and our family members.Of course we should_______ people who are ________or _______when the earthquake stops.
短文是核心词汇串连成的语篇,使学生在语境中理解运用核心词汇。
3.教学案例二:利用语篇巩固词汇
必修1 Unit 2 English around the world
(1)Reading The road to modern English
While reading Using the key words to complete the main idea.
Part1 History and______ development of the English language
Part2 Native English______ speakers dont speak the same kind of English,but they can understand each other. An example:flat & apartment.
Part3 How English has_____ changed over time.
(2)After reading Using the key words to retell Paragraph 1:
Time The number of the English speakers Countries or regions
At the end of the 16th century about 5 to7 million people In England
Later in the 17th century more In many other countries
Today more people speak…as…than ever before In many more countries
At the end of the 16th century,about 5 to 7 million people______ spoke English.Nearly all of them_____ lived in England.
Later in the 17th century,people from England made_____ voyages to conquer other parts of the world and_____ because of that,English began to be_____ spoken in many other countries.
Today,more people_____ speak English_____ as their first,second or a foreign language than ever before.speak高頻词汇
(3)After reading Using the key words to complete the paragraphs.
读中任务是概括段落大意,用核心词补全句意,要求学生读懂领会篇章主要内容,并用关键词点明中心;如学生能填出关键词,说明他读懂了文章也掌握了核心词的要义。读后任务是复述课文,重构阅读篇章,训练学生运用核心词汇,达到巩固加深的目的。
词汇是学生英语学习的一大难题,很大程度上制约着学生的英语学习水平和兴趣,作为英语教师我们要潜心学习,研究总结有效的词汇教学方法:(1)运用现代教育技术创设语境,激发学习兴趣,帮助学生提高词汇学习质量。(2)整体设计单元学习活动,让词汇学习渗透在听说读写活动中。(3)阅读是词汇学习和巩固的有效途径,在阅读活动中设计核心词汇学习任务链。(4)根据单元词汇量分层次、分阶段处理生词,分类要求:基本词汇确保学生人人过关,认知词汇了解语义,核心词汇在句子语境中重点学习,在阅读写作中巩固运用。(5)培养学生词汇学习策略。
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